Zeitstrahl The History of Germany

The History of Germany{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7ng4d","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"frjan","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"95aml","text":"Early History and Prehistory","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2l7rk","text":"The history of Germany began long before the development of modern state borders. In early history and prehistory, we enter a time characterized by the first human settlements in Central Europe and developments that laid the foundation of our civilization. This epoch spans millennia and offers insights into the origins of human culture and society.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fabco","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c9hu6","text":"First Traces of Human Settlement","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bkem0","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":1}],"data":{}},{"key":"179m0","text":"The earliest evidence of human life in the region that today encompasses Germany comes from the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), about 600,000 years ago. The lower jaw of the \"Mauer Man\" is a testimony to this early epoch. Around 40,000 years before our time, Homo sapiens brought profound cultural changes, including the creation of humanity's oldest known artworks, such as the Venus of Hohle Fels, one of the oldest known female representations, and flutes made from bird bones.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8nu3m","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"abm8v","text":"The Nebra Sky Disk","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6qp92","text":"A particular artifact from the early Bronze Age is the Nebra Sky Disk, created about 3,600 years ago. It is considered the oldest known depiction of cosmic phenomena and combines astronomical knowledge with religious ideas. The disk features the sun, moon, and the Pleiades star cluster, among others, and served as an instrument for synchronizing solar and lunar years. Its ritual significance is emphasized by its burial along with valuable offerings. The Sky Disk is a unique testimony to the science and spirituality of its time and was included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2013.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":55,"length":14,"key":2}],"data":{}},{"key":"7jqpb","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ca6rc","text":"Transition to Sedentary Life","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3vj6p","text":"With the end of the last Ice Age, around 10,000 BC, the Mesolithic period began, followed by the Neolithic period (around 5,500 BC), characterized by the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry. The Linear Pottery culture, one of the most significant Neolithic cultures of Central Europe, shaped this epoch.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"91coi","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3m47h","text":"The Arrival of the Indo-Europeans","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"esurt","text":"About 4500 years ago, the migration of Indo-European peoples began into Europe, a development that profoundly changed the cultural and linguistic landscape. Language families such as Italic, Greek, Celtic, Slavic, and Germanic stem from this movement. The Germans developed as a distinct group and settled areas in Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":39,"length":21,"key":3}],"data":{}},{"key":"e3fvf","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"199oh","text":"The Bronze and Iron Age: The Beginning of Complex Societies","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"e7vcs","text":"In the Bronze Age (c. 2,200–800 BC), metalworking promoted technical innovations and trade. The Iron Age (c. 800 BC–1 BC) eventually paved the way for the historical period, when Germanic tribes first appeared in written sources. This time also marks the beginning of the spread of the Germanic peoples and their interaction with other peoples of Europe.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":272,"length":30,"key":4}],"data":{}},{"key":"bj9i6","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"eq41i","text":"Antiquity: The Germans and Rome","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b35dh","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":5}],"data":{}},{"key":"f4oib","text":"Trade Contacts and Cultural Exchange","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8cu0","text":"Even before the major military conflicts, trade relationships existed between the Germanic tribes and Rome. The Romans imported amber, furs, and slaves from the north and exported wine, pottery, and other luxury goods in return. These trade contacts promoted not only economic but also cultural interactions. Via Roman merchants and legionaries, Roman technologies such as the potter’s wheel, coins, and handicrafts arrived in Germanic territories, significantly influencing the lives of the Germanic elite. Some tribes, like the Cherusci, actively sought contact with the Romans to benefit from their knowledge and resources.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3urfn","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3olj1","text":"Conflicts and Military Engagements","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fg9ov","text":"In the late Republic and early Imperial era, the Romans increasingly advanced into the territories east of the Rhine. After Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul (58–50 BC), the Rhine became the boundary of the Roman Empire. Augustus attempted to incorporate Germania as a province, but Roman expansion efforts met with fierce resistance from indigenous tribes. This resistance culminated in a series of uprisings and battles, including the campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius, which significantly shaped the character of Roman-Germanic relations.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4vkvk","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3n8fl","text":"The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9)","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bsgen","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":6}],"data":{}},{"key":"du8qd","text":"The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, also known as the Varian Disaster, marked a turning point in Roman expansion. The Roman governor Publius Quinctilius Varus led three legions deep into Germanic territory to pacify the region. However, he fell into a carefully orchestrated ambush, led by Arminius, a former Roman ally and leader of the Cherusci. The Roman legions were completely annihilated, and Varus committed suicide in the face of the defeat.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":4,"length":30,"key":7}],"data":{}},{"key":"1j00v","text":"The battle had far-reaching consequences: Rome permanently withdrew to the Rhine and abandoned the incorporation of Germania as a province. For the Germans, this was a decisive victory that strengthened their unity and granted them greater autonomy. Arminius became a symbol of resistance against foreign rule and is regarded in later historiography as the \"liberator of Germania.\"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5fhr1","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4tthj","text":"Germans in Late Antiquity: The Fall of Rome and the Transformation of Europe","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2mbu6","text":"In late antiquity, the Germanic tribes played a central role in the decline and transformation of the Roman Empire. While some tribes like the Goths and Vandals significantly contributed to destabilization through their invasions, others, such as the Franks and Visigoths, became part of the Roman military and administrative system. This complex interplay of conflict and cooperation led to the gradual integration of Germanic elites into Roman culture while simultaneously leading to the emergence of new political structures.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"588j0","text":"The Germanic kingdoms established on the ruins of the Western Roman Empire laid the foundation for the medieval states of Europe. Particularly the Franks under Clovis I, who established themselves in the 5th century, shaped the face of medieval Central Europe through their Christianization and political stability.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9ptm7","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cv7jh","text":"Migration Period: Exodus and Migration","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d4u36","text":"The Migration Period, which began around the 4th century and extended into the 6th century, had profound impacts on the population structure of Europe, including the area of today's Germany. Many Germanic tribes, originally settled in the area between the Elbe and Oder rivers, migrated to southern and western regions of Europe. In doing so, they mingled with other peoples and influenced the emergence of new political and cultural landscapes.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":4,"length":16,"key":8}],"data":{}},{"key":"74e4u","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"46vua","text":"Peoples who migrated:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2p7ur","text":"The Vandals, originally from the area of present-day eastern Germany, moved through Gaul and Spain to North Africa, where they destabilized the Western Roman Empire.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4eunu","text":"The Goths, divided into Visigoths and Ostrogoths, left the area along the Rhine to establish the Visigothic kingdoms in Spain and the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy in the 5th century.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1aroq","text":"The Lombards migrated to Italy and founded the Lombard kingdom there.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d8p47","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"77fik","text":"Peoples who stayed or immigrated:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6vocm","text":"The Franks remained in the western parts of present-day Germany and began to take over the Roman Empire in Gaul, leading to the founding of the Frankish Empire under Clovis I in 500.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fd9ul","text":"The Alemanni and the Bavarians settled in southern Germany and remained there in their home territories.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7m96h","text":"The Saxons and the Angles also began their migrations to Great Britain, while some Saxons continued to settle in areas north of present-day Germany.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"anipc","text":"The Slavs increasingly advanced into the eastern territories of today's Germany during and after the Migration Period, leaving a significant presence especially in areas like Lusatia and Mecklenburg.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5br1","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5p8tl","text":"The Present Gene Pool of Germans","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8ca15","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":9}],"data":{}},{"key":"4ovdn","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7ird3","text":"The population of Germany is made up of a variety of ethnic and cultural influences, which is also reflected in the genetic diversity. Today's \"German\" gene pool is the result of many centuries of migration, mixing, and cultural overlap. The essential components of the genetic heritage include:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"17get","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bd6nr","text":"Germans – As the dominant culture in large parts of present-day Germany, the Germanic tribes had a significant influence on the development of the population.","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"972oi","text":"Slavs – Particularly in eastern Germany, the Slavic peoples, who settled in the Middle Ages, introduced new genetic lines into the population.","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f0vo7","text":"Romans – Particularly in the southern and western areas controlled by the Romans, there was a mixing with Roman settlers and soldiers.","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"10eb4","text":"Celtic-Germanic Blends – In southern regions of Germany, where Celtic peoples settled before the Germans, there was a cultural and genetic blending that shaped regional identity.","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5b736","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6u14p","text":"Modern genetic studies confirm that the present German gene pool is a mix of these various groups, formed through millennia-long migrations and cultural integration. This mixture is an essential part of the ethnic identity of today's German population.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1q6a4","text":"The Middle Ages","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5te7k","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"nvs3","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":10}],"data":{}},{"key":"8l8rf","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ft4gf","text":"The Frankish Empire and Charlemagne","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"81uu8","text":"With the division of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman power from Western Europe, the Frankish Empire under the leadership of Charlemagne (747–814) came to the forefront. Charlemagne hailed from the Carolingian dynasty, which replaced the Merovingians, and led them to a decisive position of power in the West. Through a series of military conquests, he united large parts of the former Western Roman Empire, laying the foundation for the European Middle Ages.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":137,"length":11,"key":11},{"offset":250,"length":12,"key":12}],"data":{}},{"key":"9umlq","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bruf6","text":"The Divisions of the Empire and the Birth of the German Language Area","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1esd2","text":"The Frankish Empire, which under Charlemagne (747–814) gained immense expansion and cultural significance, was divided into three parts after his death by the Treaty of Verdun in 843: West Francia, Middle Francia, and East Francia. East Francia, the area east of the Rhine, formed the basis for what would become Germany. This division marked the beginning of an independent German history and was the starting point for the emergence of a political and cultural space that increasingly differentiated itself from its western neighbors.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":159,"length":16,"key":13}],"data":{}},{"key":"jqi4","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fm135","text":"Otto I and the Consolidation of the Holy Roman Empire","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"33ouo","text":"Otto I, also known as Otto the Great (912–973), is considered one of the most significant rulers of medieval Germany. In 962, he was crowned emperor by the pope, renewing the Holy Roman Empire. Otto's reign was characterized by a skillful interweaving of secular and spiritual power. He based his rule on close cooperation with the church and founded numerous bishoprics to consolidate his authority.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":36,"key":14}],"data":{}},{"key":"752uf","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"aboc3","text":"Frederick Barbarossa and the Rule of the Staufer Dynasty","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3g8ev","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":15}],"data":{}},{"key":"8kf7u","text":"Another outstanding ruler of the Middle Ages was Frederick I Barbarossa (1122–1190) of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty. His name, meaning \"Red Beard,\" became synonymous with imperial authority and the dream of strong, unified rule. Barbarossa strove to assert the power of the empire against the rising communes in Italy, particularly against the Lombard League. His contentious relationship with the pope, especially with Pope Alexander III, led to several confrontations and his excommunication.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":49,"length":22,"key":16},{"offset":91,"length":16,"key":17}],"data":{}},{"key":"6gllh","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2rivu","text":"Feudalism, Castles, and Cities","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"boart","text":"During the German Middle Ages, the feudal system developed, based on a hierarchical system of lords and vassals. This feudalism was further expanded by the monarchs, especially during the Staufer Dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries. In exchange for military support and loyalty, rulers granted land and power to their vassals, forming the basis of feudal society.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":188,"length":15,"key":18}],"data":{}},{"key":"4r360","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"u2gt","text":"The Role of the Hanseatic League and Trade","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"j96f","text":"The Hanseatic League was a powerful alliance of merchants and cities that played a significant role, particularly in northern Germany. In the 12th and 13th centuries, cities like Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen came together to control trade in the Baltic and North Seas. The Hanseatic League was able to distribute not only goods such as salt, grain, and fish but also exert political influence and enforce trading rights. This economic success helped cities become centers of commerce and industry, enabling the rise of a bourgeois class.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":187,"length":7,"key":19}],"data":{}},{"key":"tk6i","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4ttnk","text":"The Plague and its Devastating Effects","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8s9hb","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":20}],"data":{}},{"key":"fl11c","text":"The mid-14th century was marked by the greatest demographic catastrophe of the Middle Ages: the Black Death. From 1349, the plague spread rapidly across Europe and claimed an estimated millions of lives in Germany alone. Entire villages were depopulated, agriculture came to a standstill in many places, and social structures were permanently disrupted.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":96,"length":11,"key":21}],"data":{}},{"key":"fmecg","text":"The plague had profound economic and cultural consequences. The drastic population decline led to a labor shortage, which in turn strengthened the position of the peasants. At the same time, the fear of the plague and the search for scapegoats led to pogroms against the Jewish population, who were accused of poisoning wells. However, the pandemic also accelerated societal changes: The bonds between lords and vassals were weakened, and the first approaches to municipal self-governance emerged. In the long term, wage structures changed, and labor mobility increased.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5l2f8","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9a5d7","text":"The Golden Bull and Political Order","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3b8gs","text":"In 1356, the Golden Bull was issued, one of the most important constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. This document regulated the election of the emperor and confirmed the special rights of the prince-electors. The seven prince-electors – three clerical and four secular rulers – were recognized as central powers of the empire.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":13,"length":11,"key":22}],"data":{}},{"key":"conen","text":"The Golden Bull stabilized the political order of the empire and created a system that brought the emperor and territorial princes into a delicate balance. However, it also promoted fragmentation as the prince-electors became de facto independent rulers. It laid the foundation for the political structure that would define the empire until its end in 1806. The close connection between imperial power and territorial interests was particularly evident in the investiture controversies and the tensions between the emperor and the pope.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7u0uv","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6itno","text":"Cultural and Scientific Achievements","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b2ule","text":"Medieval Germany experienced a remarkable cultural and scientific flourishing, particularly in the fields of art, architecture, and philosophy. The Romanesque and later the Gothic styles influenced architecture with the construction of imposing cathedrals and monasteries. The universities of Heidelberg (founded in 1386) and Leipz (founded in 1409) fostered scholarly engagement and began to influence medieval scholasticism and philosophy.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":293,"length":10,"key":23},{"offset":322,"length":7,"key":24}],"data":{}},{"key":"evagv","text":"Another highlight was the reform movement within the church, which led to broader networking between universities and religious institutions. Art and literature were also influenced by religious themes, yet early works of secular literature and music emerged.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"buc6k","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ce29s","text":"Conflicts and Challenges: Crusades and Germany's Role in European Politics","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7jroo","text":"The Middle Ages were not only a time of cultural growth but also a period of significant military conflicts and political struggles. Particularly the Crusades (1096–1270) had effects on German history. German knightly orders, such as the Teutonic Order, played an active role in the Crusades, especially in the east, where they christianized the Baltic region and founded their own territory.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":150,"length":8,"key":25},{"offset":234,"length":14,"key":26}],"data":{}},{"key":"1ne6n","text":"The Crusades also led to conflicts between the church and secular rulers, influencing the political landscape of the empire. Additionally, the cities and the rising bourgeoisie began to assert themselves against the monarchy and nobility, leading to repeated conflicts and tensions.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7bo8m","text":"In European politics, the Holy Roman Empire was often characterized by shifting alliances and rivalries. The empire sought to extend its influence over all of Europe, particularly in Italy, where the power of the Roman-German emperor often conflicted with papal interests.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1i127","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b3h45","text":"Early Modern Period","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"91ep1","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":27}],"data":{}},{"key":"6rcmc","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5grak","text":"The Reformation and Counter-Reformation: The Beginning of a New Religious Order","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9us1u","text":"In 1517, Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk and theology professor, publicly opposed the sale of indulgences with his 95 Theses on October 31st. This event in Wittenberg marked the beginning of the Reformation, a movement that not only split the Christian church but also triggered profound social and political changes. Luther called for a return to the Bible as the sole source of faith and rejected the authority of the pope. His teachings quickly found followers, especially among the German princes, who saw in the Reformation not only a religious movement but also an opportunity to strengthen their own power.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":9,"length":13,"key":28}],"data":{}},{"key":"cbq2o","text":"The division of the church into a Catholic and a Protestant direction led to significant tensions. The Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation, which established its principles at the Council of Trent (1545–1563). The Jesuit order was founded to defend Catholic doctrine and contain the spread of Protestantism. In Germany, these developments led to a patchwork of religious affiliations: while some territories became Protestant, others remained Catholic – a division that remains visible to this day.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"97e3f","text":"The Reformation not only influenced the religious landscape but also the societal structure. Peasants rose up in the 1520s against their landlords, inspired by Luther's call for individual freedom. The Peasants' Wars (1524–1526) represented a significant social movement. However, Luther distanced himself from the radical interpretations of his teachings, leading to a split within the reform movement.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":202,"length":14,"key":29}],"data":{}},{"key":"fhp9s","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b9p47","text":"The Thirty Years' War: Conflict and Catastrophe","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a6rs2","text":"The religious tensions escalated in the 17th century into one of the most devastating conflicts in European history: the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants, but soon geopolitical interests also played a central role. The Defenestration of Prague on May 23, 1618, where Protestant nobles threw imperial representatives out of a window of Prague Castle, is considered the start of this conflict.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":121,"length":17,"key":30}],"data":{}},{"key":"9prd7","text":"Over the course of the war, Germany turned into a battlefield where European great powers such as Spain, France, and Sweden fought for influence. The war brought immense destruction: villages were burned down, fields devastated, and the population suffered unspeakably from famines, diseases, and looting. The population in some regions declined by up to two-thirds.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"e7b8r","text":"The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 ended the war and brought a reorganization of Europe. It confirmed the territorial fragmentation of Germany as the individual principalities and states received extensive sovereignty. This concept of sovereignty laid the groundwork for modern international law. At the same time, the peace marked the end of religiously motivated wars in Europe and initiated an era of political pragmatism.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":4,"length":19,"key":31}],"data":{}},{"key":"3eelf","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a0kc9","text":"Absolutism","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7u12k","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":32}],"data":{}},{"key":"hqvr","text":"After the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, Germany entered a period known as the Age of Absolutism. This era was characterized by profound political, economic, and social upheavals. The territorial fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, confirmed in the Peace of Westphalia, led to the fact that the German lands were ruled by a variety of princes. These princes sought absolute power within their respective territories and established forms of government based on strong centralization and personal rule.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":84,"length":10,"key":33}],"data":{}},{"key":"uik2","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8ild7","text":"The Rise of Prussia","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c42e1","text":"One of the most influential states in this time was Prussia. Under the rule of Frederick William, the so-called \"Great Elector\" (1620–1688), Prussia began to develop from a fragmented territory into a strong and centralized power. Frederick William established an effective tax system, promoted the establishment of a standing army, and used the weakening power of the estates to strengthen his own position. His successor, Frederick the Great, further advanced Prussia's militarization and expansion in the 18th century, giving Prussia a leading role in Germany and Europe.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":424,"length":19,"key":34}],"data":{}},{"key":"ahlkq","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d9epp","text":"Social Conditions in Absolutism","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8s387","text":"The social conditions of this time were marked by strict hierarchy and the dominance of the nobility. While the princes consolidated their power, the majority of the population, consisting of peasants and townspeople, remained excluded from political rights. Serfdom and the dependency of peasants on noble landowners were widespread. At the same time, the bourgeoisie, particularly in the emerging trading cities, gradually gained importance, even though it remained largely politically powerless.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5ghlk","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9tj0","text":"Economic Developments after the Thirty Years’ War","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"45o0l","text":"Economically, Germany slowly recovered from the devastations of the Thirty Years’ War. Many regions remained heavily depopulated, and agriculture, the backbone of the economic structure, required decades to recover. Still, towards the late 17th century, there were early signs of economic modernization. In some German states, mercantilist economic policy was introduced, aiming to promote trade and domestic production. Efforts were made to establish manufactories and promote technological innovations to make the economy more independent from foreign imports.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":68,"length":17,"key":35}],"data":{}},{"key":"2eknj","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bbmit","text":"Cultural and Intellectual Developments","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6krll","text":"Culturally and intellectually, the late 17th and early 18th centuries were a time of transformation. Baroque art and architecture, often in the service of absolutism, flourished. They were expressed in splendid palaces, magnificent churches, and elaborate courtly life portrayals. Simultaneously, the scientific achievements of this time laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. Groundbreaking works by thinkers like Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and the development of new scientific methods influenced thinking and promoted the dissemination of rational worldviews.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":419,"length":25,"key":36}],"data":{}},{"key":"ckvfs","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2i9qr","text":"Preparation for the Enlightenment","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"67gr0","text":"The changes that characterized the late 17th and early 18th centuries set the stage for the Enlightenment. The increasing importance of education and knowledge, evident in the establishment of numerous academies and universities, as well as the growing influence of the citizenry in cultural and economic matters, were important developments that initiated a gradual transformation of society. However, the ideas of the Enlightenment would only have a truly profound impact in the second half of the 18th century, eliciting both hope and tensions in the German states.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"agvnc","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6l4oq","text":"The Long 19th Century","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5fvdk","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":37}],"data":{}},{"key":"aksur","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7hr8t","text":"Enlightenment and Revolution: Philosophical Currents and Their Impact on Germany","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5od4b","text":"The Enlightenment in the 18th century was the intellectual movement that laid the groundwork for modernity. It introduced new ideas about reason, freedom, and progress, which particularly resonated in the German states. Philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Friedrich Schiller shaped the intellectual landscape and advocated for a society based on knowledge, human rights, and self-determination.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":273,"length":6,"key":38}],"data":{}},{"key":"690a4","text":"These ideas' impact was profound. In the German principalities, the Enlightenment's ideas led to initial reforms in administration and the education system. However, the true societal upheavals began with the influence of the French Revolution of 1789. The revolution not only questioned the monarchical structures in France but also brought the principles of freedom, equality, and fraternity to Germany. Especially radical movements demanded similar changes in the German territories, resulting in various uprisings and revolutions.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":226,"length":17,"key":39}],"data":{}},{"key":"4oa70","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8prsr","text":"Influence of the French Revolution","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cgv6j","text":"The French Revolution influenced the German states not only ideologically but also through direct military and political impacts. After the defeat of Prussia in the Third Coalition War in 1806, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was dissolved, and the western territories were integrated into the French Empire by Napoleon. These defeats and occupation led to a dramatic shift in Germany. Nationalism emerged, laying the foundation for the later unification of the country. Concepts of national unity and liberation from foreign rule gained importance, as seen at the Wartburg Festival of 1817 and the Hambach Festival of 1832.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":576,"length":17,"key":40},{"offset":602,"length":15,"key":41}],"data":{}},{"key":"33eic","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1gj6d","text":"German Unification: The Path to the German Empire","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5kili","text":"The fragmented political landscape of Germany, comprising around 39 sovereign states, persisted into the 19th century. Yet, with the rise of Prussia under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck and the developments of industrialization, increasing centralization emerged. Bismarck, a master of pragmatic diplomacy, adeptly used the German Confederation and the rivalries of great powers to his advantage.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a62o5","text":"The \"Lesser German\" path to German unification, pursued by Prussia under Bismarck without Austria's inclusion, culminated in 1871. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, in which Prussia defeated arch-enemy France, the German Empire was proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. This unification was not only the result of military successes but also Bismarck's shrewd diplomacy and his relentless will to create a powerful German nation-state.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":141,"length":19,"key":42}],"data":{}},{"key":"8n6t4","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1fm0v","text":"The Empire and World War I","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"frrgg","text":"The Empire under Wilhelm II. experienced rapid industrial and economic growth in the decades following its founding. German imperialism and industrialization led to increased competition with other European powers, particularly Britain and France. The industrial revolution had produced a strong economy in Germany, allowing it to compete with leading nations.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":17,"length":11,"key":43}],"data":{}},{"key":"9g876","text":"Yet, this competition led to tensions that peaked in the run-up to World War I in 1914. The war, triggered by a complex web of alliances, imperial ambitions, and ethnic conflicts, had devastating consequences. The causes lay in imperial rivalries, the militarization of society, and the alliance politics of European great powers. For Germany, the war ended disastrously: The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 punished the empire and led to fundamental political and social destabilization.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":67,"length":11,"key":44},{"offset":376,"length":20,"key":45}],"data":{}},{"key":"81fhp","text":"The war's consequences were profound: The monarchy was overthrown, the Empire disintegrated, and the Weimar Republic, an experimental democratic state, replaced it. Yet, the social, political, and economic upheavals brought by the war, along with the shame of the peace treaty, would shape Germany's political landscape for decades to come.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":71,"length":6,"key":46},{"offset":101,"length":11,"key":47}],"data":{}},{"key":"2vavd","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"l7me","text":"Contemporary History: 20th and 21st Centuries","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dj1b8","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":48}],"data":{}},{"key":"107et","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"72lh2","text":"The Weimar Republic and the Rise of National Socialism","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3d79i","text":"After World War I, Germany was an exhausted country, burdened by the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 with heavy reparations and territorial losses. These challenging conditions shaped the first democracy on German soil – the Weimar Republic, which lasted from 1919 to 1933. The young democracy faced difficulties from the outset. Political instability, high unemployment, and the hyperinflation of 1923, as well as political extremism from both left and right, undermined the legitimacy of the Weimar government.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":377,"length":14,"key":49}],"data":{}},{"key":"saj1","text":"The year 1929 brought a new low with the Great Depression. Millions of unemployed and rapid economic decline intensified dissatisfaction among the population. In this environment, the NSDAP under Adolf Hitler gained more followers. The rise of National Socialism resulted from a blend of economic crises, political chaos, and the successful manipulation of nationalist and racist propaganda. In 1933, Hitler seized power through his appointment as Reich Chancellor, and he began transforming the Weimar democracy into a dictatorship. The Reichstag fire in 1933 and the subsequent Reichstag Fire Decree consolidated Hitler's takeover.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":401,"length":63,"key":50}],"data":{}},{"key":"fgd82","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fm3vg","text":"National Socialism and World War II","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7legf","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":51}],"data":{}},{"key":"4tgd8","text":"National Socialism profoundly transformed the country: The democratic system was replaced by a totalitarian regime, which radically reshaped the political landscape and penetrated society with racist and ideological principles.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ffrq3","text":"The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 legally entrenched the regime's racist ideology. The Second World War, which began on September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Poland, led to unimaginable destruction and the death of millions, especially in the Holocaust, which involved the systematic extermination of six million European Jews.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":80,"length":16,"key":52},{"offset":255,"length":63,"key":53}],"data":{}},{"key":"ahuut","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"55gsl","text":"Germany After 1945: Division and Cold War","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8rhq4","text":"World War II ended in 1945 with Germany's unconditional surrender. The country was devastated, and the political map of Europe was redrawn. Germany was divided into four occupation zones under the control of the USA, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. This division foreshadowed the onset of the Cold War. While the western occupying powers focused on rebuilding and democratization, the Soviet occupation led to the establishment of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1949, which developed into a socialist dictatorship with strong ties to the Soviet Union.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":448,"length":26,"key":54}],"data":{}},{"key":"39qbl","text":"The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), which emerged in the west, was quickly integrated into the Western alliance. Under the Marshall Plan and the support of the USA, West Germany experienced a true economic miracle. The West German economy flourished, and Germany became a stable democracy. In contrast, the economy of the GDR stagnated, heavily influenced by the communist state leadership and increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union. The uprising in the GDR on June 17, 1953, was a significant event in the East-West conflict.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":4,"length":27,"key":55}],"data":{}},{"key":"3lmqd","text":"The Cold War and the Division of Germany became a symbol of the global conflict between the West and the East. The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, which divided the city and the country into two halves, was a dramatic indicator of these geopolitical tensions.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":115,"length":31,"key":56}],"data":{}},{"key":"e7o6c","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6p4j7","text":"Reunification in 1990 and Germany's Role in Europe","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"t7nu","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bdfef","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":57}],"data":{}},{"key":"6igj3","text":"The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989/1990 paved the way for the reunification of Germany. The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, was not only the symbol for the end of Berlin's division, but also for the end of Germany's division and the overcoming of Cold War ideological barriers. The reunification, completed on October 3, 1990, posed immense challenges: Integrating the East German economy, transitioning to a market economy, and aligning political systems required profound reforms and investments. The Two-Plus-Four Treaty of 1990 made German reunification possible.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":126,"length":23,"key":58}],"data":{}},{"key":"faisj","text":"Despite these challenges, Germany developed into a leading economic power in Europe and assumed a central role in the European Union. German politics promoted the European integration process and advocated for a united Europe as a response to the horrors of World War II and the nationalist conflicts of the 20th century. Germany became a strong proponent of the economic and monetary union and played a decisive role in the introduction of the Euro.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a455k","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"85ing","text":"Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b5alo","text":"The path into the 21st century brought new challenges for Germany, both political and societal in nature. Globalization, digitalization, and increasing migration are just some of the issues Germany has faced in recent years.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f362i","text":"European integration continues to be of central importance, with questions of common foreign policy, defense, and refugee policy repeatedly put to the test. The Euro crisis starting in 2009 and the refugee crisis in 2015, as well as Germany's response to them, are also significant issues. The Corona pandemic and its economic impacts, along with the war in Ukraine, have shown how vulnerable global systems can be.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":294,"length":15,"key":59}],"data":{}},{"key":"fkhd6","text":"Despite these challenges, Germany remains one of the leading powers in Europe and plays a key role in international organizations such as the EU, NATO, and the United Nations. Political stability and a strong economy continue to be the cornerstones of German influence.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dr48m","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4ps3m","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":60}],"data":{}},{"key":"9gubp","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"2n8ok\",\"text\":\"\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}},{\"key\":\"egvor\",\"text\":\"-\",\"type\":\"atomic\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[{\"offset\":0,\"length\":1,\"key\":0}],\"data\":{}},{\"key\":\"57o8q\",\"text\":\"The history of Germany is a narrative of political upheavals, cultural flourishing, and profound social changes.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}},{\"key\":\"2r2k8\",\"text\":\"It is the story of a country that developed from a multitude of smaller principalities, cities, and kingdoms to become a unified nation-state in the 19th century and to experience both the First and Second World Wars in the 20th century.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}},{\"key\":\"fkrl5\",\"text\":\"These experiences shaped not only the country itself but also European and global events. The history of Germany is inextricably linked with the major currents of the Western world – from the Reformation through the Enlightenment to both World Wars and the subsequent division and reunification.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{\"0\":{\"type\":\"softmanufakturImageType\",\"mutability\":\"MUTABLE\",\"data\":{\"item\":{\"type\":\"Image\",\"src\":\"php/images/resourceimages/575/1_1733045522_deutschland.png.webp\",\"title\":\"\"},\"alignment\":\"right\",\"width\":21,\"height\":0}}}}","marginLeft":0,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefff5"},"width":100,"height":0}},"1":{"type":"softmanufakturImageType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Image","src":"php/images/resourceimages/832/1_1733044832_mauermensch.png.webp","title":""},"width":23,"height":0,"alignment":"left"}},"2":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64152},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"3":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64035},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"4":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64036},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"5":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"eh92\",\"text\":\"The encounter of the Germanic tribes with the Roman Empire had a lasting impact on Central Europe in antiquity. This era, which spans approximately from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD, was characterized by trade relations, cultural exchange, and military conflicts. The Germanic tribes, an alliance of different tribes, were both in economic contact with the Romans and in a complex field of tension between cooperation and conflict.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{}}","marginLeft":20,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefff5"},"alignment":"right","width":28,"height":0}},"6":{"type":"softmanufakturImageType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Image","src":"php/images/resourceimages/193/1_1733044672_arminius.png.webp","title":""},"alignment":"left","width":19,"height":0}},"7":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64024},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"8":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64038},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"9":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"13lp3\",\"text\":\"Article in Scientific American\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[{\"offset\":0,\"length\":30,\"key\":0}],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{\"0\":{\"type\":\"LINK\",\"mutability\":\"MUTABLE\",\"data\":{\"clickObject\":{\"type\":\"LINKTYPE_BROWSER\",\"url\":\"https://www.spektrum.de/news/die-bunte-genetische-herkunft-der-europaeer/1219178\"},\"linkType\":\"LINKTYPE_BROWSER\"}}}}","marginLeft":20,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefefe"},"width":31,"height":0,"alignment":"right"}},"10":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"8nl65\",\"text\":\"After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the far-reaching upheavals of the Migration Period, the Middle Ages emerged as a defining epoch in the history of Germany and Europe.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{}}","marginLeft":0,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefff5"},"width":100,"height":0}},"11":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":-24},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"12":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64039},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"13":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64065},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"14":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":-25},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"15":{"type":"softmanufakturImageType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Image","src":"php/images/resourceimages/d43/1_1733046929_barbarossa.png.webp","title":""},"alignment":"right","width":27,"height":0}},"16":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64049},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"17":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64043},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"18":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64043},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"19":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64149},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"20":{"type":"softmanufakturImageType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Image","src":"php/images/resourceimages/450/1_1733047685_pest.png.webp","title":""},"alignment":"right","width":22,"height":0}},"21":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64044},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"22":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64140},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"23":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64179},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"24":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64180},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"25":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64066},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"26":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64141},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"27":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"8cjei\",\"text\":\"The history of Germany in the Early Modern Period was a time of upheaval, conflict, and transformation—a period that laid the foundations for modern Europe. In a world shaken by profound religious and political changes, an image of Germany was shaped, marked by Reformation, war, and the quest for peace. The developments of this era not only had far-reaching consequences for the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, but also left a lasting impact on European history.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{}}","marginLeft":0,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefff5"},"width":100,"height":0}},"28":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64045},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"29":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64181},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"30":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64026},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"31":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64182},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"32":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"19jnq\",\"text\":\"With the end of the Thirty Years\\u0027 War, a new epoch began: the Age of Absolutism. Germany remained a mosaic of independent territories, whose development was closely intertwined with the great powers of Europe.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{}}","marginLeft":0,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefff5"},"width":100,"height":0}},"33":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64098},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"34":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64143},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"35":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64026},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"36":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64184},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"37":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"7m5va\",\"text\":\"The \\\"long 19th century\\\" encompasses the period from the French Revolution in 1789 to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This era was characterized by profound social, economic, and political upheavals that transformed Germany profoundly. It marked the transition from feudal structures to modernity, characterized by industrialization, nationalism, and democratic movements.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{}}","marginLeft":0,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefff5"},"width":100,"height":0}},"38":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64135},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"39":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64076},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"40":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64172},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"41":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64127},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"42":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64058},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"43":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":-21},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"44":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64027},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"45":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64168},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"46":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64032},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"47":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64031},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"48":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"d6b0m\",\"text\":\"The history of Germany in the 20th and 21st century is the history of a country that experienced both political upheavals and global conflicts in a short period of time, repeatedly having to redefine its identity.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}},{\"key\":\"fhvgi\",\"text\":\"The challenges and opportunities of the Weimar Republic, the rise of National Socialism, the Second World War, the post-war era, the division and reunification, as well as Germany\\u0027s role in a united Europe – all these elements provide a fascinating but also painful insight into the development of a country marked both by the horrors of war and by the hope for reconstruction and international cooperation.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{}}","marginLeft":0,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefff5"},"width":100,"height":0}},"49":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64159},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"50":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64085},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"51":{"type":"softmanufakturImageType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Image","src":"php/images/resourceimages/af8/1_1733047071_hitler.png.webp","title":""},"width":13,"height":0,"alignment":"left"}},"52":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64028},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"53":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64134},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"54":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64037},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"55":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64029},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"56":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64090},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"57":{"type":"softmanufakturImageType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Image","src":"php/images/resourceimages/593/1_1733047014_mauerfall.png.webp","title":""},"width":29,"height":0,"alignment":"right"}},"58":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64108},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"59":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"clickObject":{"type":"LINKTYPE_EVENT","eventid":64137},"linkType":"LINKTYPE_EVENT"}},"60":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"84ato\",\"text\":\"The 20th and 21st centuries have been a time of dramatic change for Germany – from the democratic crisis of the Weimar Republic and the National Socialist dictatorship, through the destruction of the Second World War, to reunification and the rise to becoming a leading nation in Europe. During this time, Germany has not only undergone enormous political and economic development, but has also established itself as a country that plays a central role in the international community. In an increasingly globalized world, Germany will continue to face new challenges, but history shows that the country is capable of reinventing itself time and again and playing an important role on the world stage.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}}],\"entityMap\":{}}","marginLeft":0,"marginRight":0,"color":"fefff5"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

The Basic Law is promulgated

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

Earliest Grasp of the German Language
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"The German language has been identifiable as an independent language, divided into a variety of dialects and continually evolving, since the 8th century."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

The Thirty Years' War

The First World War
[The course of the First World War](286)

The Second World War (in Germany)
[Timeline of Adolf Hitler's Biography](229)

Federal Republic of Germany
[The German Chancellors](-4970706) [The German Presidents](-25223) [The German Unity](310)

Nazi State
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS-Staat

Weimar Republic

German Empire
[German Emperors on the Timeline](-501503) [The German Empire on the Timeline](-43287)

North German Confederation

German Revolution
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Article on \u0027German Revolution\u0027 on Wikipedia](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Revolution_1848/1849)\n\n[Events of the German Revolution](-3699)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Immigration of the Indo-European Peoples to Europe (Italians, Greeks, Celts, Slavs, Germans)

Expansion of the Germans over Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland
Distinction into Nordic Germans (Scandinavians), East Germans (peoples who migrated from Scandinavia east of the Elbe, the later participants of the Migration Period) and West Germans (in Germany and the Netherlands, the later Germans, Dutch, and English

German Democratic Republic
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Curriculum Vitae of Walter Ulbricht](271) \n[The German Unity](310)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Migration Period

Merovingians
Image: Merovingian Subkingdoms by [English wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) user [Rudric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rudric), [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)

Carolingians

Ottonians

Salians

Hohenstaufen

The Plague
The population decreases by about a third

Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses

Charlemagne becomes the first emperor since antiquity
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Karl der Große in der Timeline](63967)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Coronation of Otto I. as Emperor
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Timeline zu Otto I.](63968)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

First (unsecured) mention of the "regnum teutonicorum" (= Kingdom of the Germans)
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"In the [Salzburg Annals].(https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburger_Annalen)\n\nAccording to [Eckhard Müller-Mertens](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhard_M%C3%BCller-Mertens), however, a “testimony of more than questionable originality”"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Coronation of Frederick I. (Barbarossa) as Emperor

Inquisition in Germany
http://www.carsten-pietsch.de/inquisit.pdf

Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press

Bavaria becomes a Free State

Pre-March

Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Timeline of the Roman-German emperors with their terms of office](-181765)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Confederation of the Rhine
Image: Confederation of the Rhine 1808 by [Ziegelbrenner](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Ziegelbrenner), [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)

German Confederation
The last Federal Assembly of the German Confederation on August 24, 1866, in Augsburg leads to its self-dissolution.

Occupation period

Franco-Prussian War

German-Danish War

German War

Munich Soviet Republic
Good podcast on the topic Munich Soviet Republic: https://ralfgrabuschnig.com/muenchner-raeterepublik/

Sigmund Jähn flies as the first German into space
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Image: Sigmund Jähn, cosmonaut of the spaceship Soyuz 31, GDR]\n\nFederal Archive, Image 183-T0709-148 / Peter Koard / CC-BY-SA"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Wars of German Unification

The Plague ("Children's Plague")
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"The \"children\u0027s plague\" claimed particularly many victims among children, as they, unlike the survivors of the plague wave from 49-51, were not immune to the pathogen."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Division of the Realm after the Treaty of Verdun
From West Francia comes France; from East Francia comes the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation"

First Crusade
[First Crusade](-51649)

Second Crusade

Third Crusade

Fourth Crusade

Fifth Crusade

Sixth Crusade

Seventh Crusade

Concordat of Worms
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"A compromise between the German Emperor and the Pope regarding how bishops are appointed."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Peace of Augsburg and Religious Peace

Seven Years' War
Prussia under Frederick the Great becomes a European great power

French Revolution
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"Prussia and Austria are fighting vigorously against the French Revolution. \n. \n[The French Revolution](280)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Otto von Bismarck becomes Prime Minister under Wilhelm I.

Wilhelm I. becomes the first German Emperor

Treaty of Frankfurt (France renounces Alsace and Lorraine)

Foundation of the ADAV (precursor of the SPD)

Year of the Three Emperors
Wilhelm I. and his successor Friedrich III. die. Wilhelm II. becomes emperor at the age of 29.

Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht are murdered

"The Golden Twenties"
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldene_Zwanziger

Great Depression

Hitler's 'Seizure of Power'
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Curriculum Vitae of Adolf Hilter](229)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Olympic Summer Games in Berlin
Jesse Owens wins four gold medals

Kristallnacht

Uprising in the GDR
Uprising in the GDR against increased work norms with less pay. Soviet troops suppress the uprising.

Basic Treaty
The Basic Treaty regulates the relations between the FRG and the GDR.

Beginning of the Berlin Wall construction

Division of the Realm after the Treaty of Prüm

Division of the Realm of 863

Division of the Realm after the Treaty of Meerssen

Division of the Realm after the Treaties of Verdun and Ribemont
See also https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4nkische_Reichsteilung

First international match of the football national team
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"In Basel, the first official international match of the German national football team takes place: The German Empire loses to Switzerland 3:5. \n. \n[Timeline of the German national football team](198)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Habsburgs

Reformation and Counter-Reformation

Absolutism

First secured mentions of the "regnum teutonicum"
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"The Italian scholar Johannes Diaconus mentioned in his chronicle of Venice, alongside a \"Regnum italicum,\" also a \"Regnum teutonicum\". \n. \nhttps://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelgeschichte/d-145028564.html"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Addition "of the German Nation" first occasionally in use

Congress of Vienna

Germania (Tacitus)
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"98 AD is considered the earliest year."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Upper German-Rhaetian Limes

Construction of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen
[](mediaid=6d79d1de-52ad-49d2-b846-b4960bbb55a9)

Construction start of Cologne Cathedral

Construction of Eltz Castle
[](mediaid=a5cac939-6cc7-48de-ac71-6a2695741a47)

Reunification
[The German Unity](310)

Fall of the Berlin Wall
[The German Unity](310)

Porta Nigra (Trier)

Neuschwanstein Castle

Sanssouci Palace

Munich Frauenkirche
Foundation stone laid: February 9, 1468

Hermannsdenkmal (Detmold)

Dresden Frauenkirche

Arminius

Battle of the Nations at Leipzig

Euro

Deutsche Mark

Reichsmark

Rentenmark

Mark

German Autumn

The Second World War (in Germany)
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Timeline to Adolf Hitler\u0027s Curriculum Vitae](229)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

The First World War
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[The course of the First World War](286)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

The Thirty Years' War

Carlsbad Decrees

Hambach Festival

Joseph Haydn composes the "Emperor's Hymn," the melody for the national anthem

August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben writes the "Song of the Germans"

Reich President Ebert declares the "Deutschlandlied" the national anthem

Federal President Heuss declares that the 3rd stanza should be sung at state events

'Risen from Ruins' is written and composed

'Risen from Ruins' is officially played only instrumentally

Holocaust
For many historians, the Holocaust began with the war against the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. However, the extermination of the European Jews already begins in 1933. Some historians see the beginning of the Holocaust in September 1939. In the Poland campaign and afterwards, thousands of Jews were already murdered, and most of the later extermination methods were tried out.

Goethe is born
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Biography](369)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Construction of the oldest still preserved half-timbered house
in Heugasse 3, Esslingen [View with Google Streetview](https://www.google.com/maps/@48.7422112,9.308025,3a,90y,135.6h,122.52t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipOnfjYMd611TSA0q62qByozwA5wyxcqwWbouHSP!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOnfjYMd611TSA0q62qByozwA5wyxcqwWbouHSP%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi4.437294-ya315.9298-ro-1.1287518-fo100!7i5376!8i2688)

Corona Pandemic

Battle of the Lechfeld
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Otto the Great defeats the Hungarians]"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Foundation of the Margraviate of Brandenburg

Golden Bull

State of the Teutonic Order

Luther translates the Bible

Frederick the Great (the Old Fritz) becomes King in Prussia

Wars of Liberation

Einstein is born in Ulm

Wannsee Conference

The Federal Republic becomes a NATO member

Berlin (first documented mention)
On October 28, 1237, Cölln, Berlin's sister city, appeared for the first time in a document. Therefore, this date is considered Berlin's birthday.

Hamburg (first documented mention)

Trier (foundation of Augusta Treverorum)
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"I\u0027m sorry, I cannot assist with this request."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Munich (first documented mention)

Nebra Sky Disk

HRE around 1000

Wolfsburg
With effect from July 1, 1938, by order of the president of the Lüneburg administrative district, the "City of the KdF-Wagen near Fallersleben" in the Gifhorn district was formed.

German Colonial Era

Catholic League

Protestant Union

Foundation of the Bundeswehr (West Germany)

Hyperinflation in Germany
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[As a result of] the German Empire\u0027s entry into World War I, the Reichsmark increasingly lost value as the war continued. [The German Empire and later the Weimar Republic] suffered from hunger and poverty as a result of the devaluation. [Exacerbated by] the reparations payments stipulated by the Treaty of Versailles, the consequences were worsened."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Proclamation of the Republic
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Twice Proclamation of the Republic in Germany;] shortly after 2 PM by MSPD politician Philipp Scheidemann as {{the German}} Republic and around 4 PM by Karl Liebknecht as {{the free}} Republic of Germany"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Dawes Plan
Readjustment of German reparations payments

Young Plan
Last reparations plan for Germany's reparations based on the Versailles Treaty following the First World War.

Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"failed counter-revolutionary coup attempt against the November Revolution"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Beer Hall Putsch
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"failed coup attempt of the NSDAP under Ludendorff and Hitler after the model of Mussolini in Italy"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

November Revolution
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"Revolution in Germany beginning through sailors\u0027 mutiny. Announcement of the {{abdication of}} the Emperor (without his consent) by Max von Baden."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Locarno Treaties
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"Pact to Prevent Violent Changes of the Borders between Germany, France, and Belgium"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Treaty of Rapallo
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"Contract between the Weimar Republic and Soviet Russia in which both resolved their territorial and financial claims against each other and entered into friendly relations with each other."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[The Treaty of Versailles], which was based on Wilson\u0027s {{14-point plan}} and the demands of {{France}}, regulated the power relations, borders, and political situations after {{World War I}}."},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Armistice of Compiègne
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Cessation of Hostilities of the First World War]"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Conference of Lausanne
Attempt by the government under Papen to suspend further payments to the victorious powers of the First World War; According to the treaty, remaining payments of 3 billion gold marks still have to be made

Occupation of the Ruhr
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Due to] the inability of the Weimar Republic to pay the reparation costs, {{France and Belgium}} occupied the Ruhr area.\nThe Reich government under Wilhelm Cuno then called for \"passive resistance.\""},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Wartburg Festival

Walk to Canossa

Brandenburg Gate

Cologne

Antiquity
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"The {{antiquity is}} an era in the Mediterranean region, which extends approximately from 800 BC to around 600 AD, although the beginning is sometimes dated considerably earlier.\n\n[Article \u0027Antike\u0027 on Wikipedia](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antike)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Middle Ages
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Article \u0027Middle Ages\u0027 on Wikipedia](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelalter)\n\n[Middle Ages](-12554)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Early Modern Period
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cguol","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"73kn5","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturMarkdownType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Markdown","src":"[Article on \u0027Early Modern Period\u0027 on Wikipedia](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BChe_Neuzeit)"},"width":100,"height":0}}}}

Foundation of the University of Heidelberg

Foundation of the University of Leipzig

Peasants' Wars

Peace of Westphalia

Long 19th Century

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is born