Zeitstrahl The French Revolution

The French RevolutionEvents{"blocks":[{"key":"1e4ef","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3cjh7","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"3i2is","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"21rog","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ete0r","text":"Initial phase: Constitutional Monarchy (1789–1792)","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":13,"key":1}],"data":{}},{"key":"1uv6g","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d0rsv","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":2}],"data":{}},{"key":"2ofr3","text":"Departure to Freedom: The Crisis and the National Assembly","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"euhea","text":"In 1789, France was shaken by a deep financial crisis. The state treasury was empty, the population suffered from high taxes and poverty, while the nobility and clergy enjoyed their privileges. This imbalance led Louis XVI to summon the Estates-General – an assembly of representatives from the three estates: nobility, clergy, and the \"common people.\" The Third Estate, representing the majority of the population, demanded more say and equality. When their demands were ignored, the representatives of this estate declared themselves the National Assembly, which was to represent the rights of the people.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":237,"length":15,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":237,"length":15,"key":3}],"data":{}},{"key":"cr7vm","text":"In a symbolic act, they swore in the famous Tennis Court Oath not to disband until a constitution for the country was established. A new spirit awoke in France – the longing for equality, freedom, and participation.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":44,"length":17,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":44,"length":17,"key":4}],"data":{}},{"key":"em0p7","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6ri1o","text":"Symbol of Resistance: Storming of the Bastille","type":"header-four","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ah5kq","text":"On July 14, 1789, a day considered the beginning of the revolution and later became the French national holiday, citizens stormed the Bastille, a prison and symbol of royal tyranny. The storming of the Bastille ignited the revolutionary spark throughout France: People everywhere rose against the privileges of the rulers. In the \"Great Fear\" (Grande Peur), peasants rebelled against their landlords, and many nobles fled abroad.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":113,"length":29,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":113,"length":29,"key":5},{"offset":327,"length":26,"key":6}],"data":{}},{"key":"4c0q1","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dc2u0","text":"The Human Rights and the Beginning of the Constitutional Revolution","type":"header-four","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6f5aa","text":"With the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789, the National Assembly took a radical step: Every person was recognized as equal with inalienable rights to freedom and protection from oppression. This declaration became the foundation of the revolution and shaped the idea of modern democracy. The privileges of the nobility and clergy were also abolished, church property nationalized, and the new constitution was passed, making France a constitutional monarchy in 1791. The king was to govern the country with the National Assembly, but his power was now limited.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":9,"length":51,"style":"ITALIC"},{"offset":389,"length":28,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":9,"length":51,"key":7},{"offset":389,"length":28,"key":8}],"data":{}},{"key":"5horr","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9oid4","text":"Flight Attempt and Growing Mistrust","type":"header-four","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"82vem","text":"King Louis XVI, who reluctantly adapted to his new role, made a dramatic attempt to flee to Varennes, to escape the control of the revolutionaries. He was captured and brought back to Paris – a humiliating defeat that permanently destroyed the people's trust in him. The revolution was also being closely watched abroad: When in 1792 France declared war on Prussia and Austria, the first major conflict of the revolution erupted.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":73,"length":27,"key":9},{"offset":326,"length":50,"key":10}],"data":{}},{"key":"98sr7","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"v6jg","text":"Radical phase: Reign of Terror (1792–1794)","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":13,"key":11}],"data":{}},{"key":"7b1db","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"97fuf","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":12}],"data":{}},{"key":"34vb3","text":"The Fall of the Monarchy and the Path to the Republic","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8uci2","text":"With the storming of the Tuileries Palace by the revolutionary sans-culottes in August 1792, Louis XVI was deposed, and the monarchy was finally overthrown. Shortly thereafter, on September 21, 1792, the National Convention declared France a republic – an event of historical significance. The revolutionary enthusiasm swelled, but it would soon turn into violence and terror.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":9,"length":32,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":9,"length":32,"key":13},{"offset":216,"length":30,"key":14}],"data":{}},{"key":"bto3a","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6ib0c","text":"The Execution of the King and the Beginning of the Terror","type":"header-four","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f2btm","text":"In January 1793, the trial against Louis XVI began, now called \"Citizen Louis Capet.\" After a conviction, the former king was publicly guillotined, an event that sent Europe into turmoil. France now faced not only multiple monarchies in war but also bitter internal conflicts.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":21,"length":23,"key":15},{"offset":138,"length":8,"key":16}],"data":{}},{"key":"2dt7r","text":"To safeguard the revolution and fend off enemies, the National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety, which, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, received almost dictatorial power. The radical faction of the Jacobins, to which Robespierre belonged, employed all means to defend the revolution – including brutal force.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":90,"length":26,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":90,"length":26,"key":17}],"data":{}},{"key":"8lj1q","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8k0ii","text":"Terror and Revolutionary Tribunal","type":"header-four","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8ttb","text":"The Jacobins established the \"Terror\" as an official state doctrine to ensure internal security. Through the Revolutionary Tribunal, numerous opponents of the revolution were sentenced and publicly executed, including well-known revolutionaries like Georges Danton and Jacques-René Hébert, who initially were leaders of the revolution themselves. The guillotine, the official method of execution since 1792, became a feared symbol of this time.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":109,"length":22,"style":"ITALIC"},{"offset":245,"length":15,"style":"ITALIC"},{"offset":261,"length":19,"style":"ITALIC"},{"offset":337,"length":13,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":109,"length":22,"key":18},{"offset":245,"length":15,"key":19},{"offset":261,"length":19,"key":20},{"offset":337,"length":13,"key":21}],"data":{}},{"key":"1pn6v","text":"The increasing violence and terror, which affected not only political enemies but also ordinary citizens, eventually led to resistance. Many members of the Convention saw Robespierre and his followers as a threat. On 9th Thermidor Year II (July 27, 1794), moderate revolutionaries, the Thermidorians, led an uprising against Robespierre. He was arrested and executed the next day. The fall of Robespierre marked the end of the Reign of Terror.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":308,"length":28,"key":22},{"offset":371,"length":8,"key":23}],"data":{}},{"key":"d6rg7","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bvekv","text":"Bourgeois phase: The Directory (1795–1799)","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":15,"key":24}],"data":{}},{"key":"7mvv8","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fp392","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":25}],"data":{}},{"key":"f0upc","text":"Return to Order and the Directory","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9b874","text":"After the end of the Terror, France breathed a sigh of relief. In 1795, the National Convention adopted a new constitution that introduced the Directory, a five-member form of government. The Directory aimed for stability and economic recovery but was riddled with corruption and political intrigue. The war against the monarchies of Europe continued, and the country remained politically and economically strained.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":76,"length":19,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":76,"length":19,"key":26},{"offset":139,"length":8,"key":27}],"data":{}},{"key":"505kl","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dp02u","text":"Napoleon's Successes and the Increasing Power of the Army","type":"header-four","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"di3qp","text":"While domestic issues remained unresolved, revolutionary troops achieved significant victories abroad against France's enemies. Napoleon Bonaparte, a young general, was appointed commander of the Army of Italy in 1796 and soon achieved legendary victories. His military prowess and determination made him popular with the people, and he began to gain political influence.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":128,"length":18,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":128,"length":18,"key":28}],"data":{}},{"key":"1sbd8","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5fpdg","text":"Coup and End of the Revolution","type":"header-four","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"33h4j","text":"In 1799, France faced another political upheaval. The Directory increasingly lost support, and Napoleon seized the opportunity for a coup on 18th Brumaire Year VIII (November 9, 1799). He took power as First Consul, officially ending the French Revolution. France entered a new era that would soon lead to Napoleon's rule as Emperor.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":133,"length":50,"key":29}],"data":{}},{"key":"93cn1","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d51lr","text":"The Legacy of the French Revolution","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"drsho","text":"The French Revolution left a deep legacy: The idea of human rights, the abolition of feudal privileges, and the pursuit of a just society shaped the self-image of many modern democracies. Symbols such as the Tricolor, the Marseillaise as the national anthem, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen originated from this era. France created new institutions, enforced the separation of church and state, and eliminated the nobility as a ruling class. The revolution, which became increasingly radical as it progressed, culminating in violence and terror, profoundly shaped European society and brought forth the ideal of a republic with civil rights and equality.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cso1f","text":"The French Revolution remains a lesson in the power of the people and the challenges associated with radical societal changes.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9kdul","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2u3f1","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5m8ti","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":30}],"data":{}},{"key":"6l77h","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3h2po","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"f5sam\",\"text\":\"The French Revolution from 1789 to 1799 was an epochal upheaval that reshaped the political, social, and intellectual life of France and Europe. 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Early Phase (Constitional Monarchy)

Radical Phase (Reign of Terror)

Bourgeois Phase (Directory)

Tennis Court Oath
The deputies of the Third Estate sabotage the Estates-General convened by King Louis XVI and solemnly take the Tennis Court Oath. They vow not to disperse until they have given France a constitution.

Storming of the Bastille
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The Rights of Man and of the Citizen are declared

Prussia and Austria ally against France

King Louis XVI is publicly executed
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Establishment of the Committee of Public Safety
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Expulsion of the Girondins from the National Convention by the Jacobins

The second Constitution is adopted but does not come into effect

Reign of Terror under Robespierre

The Thermidorians come to power
Start of ongoing power struggles among political factions, ultimately leading to the end of the Revolution

Peace between France and Prussia

Sans-culottes Uprising

National Convention
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Napoleon is appointed commander of the Army of Italy
[Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte](-517)

Peace between France and Austria

Napoleon seizes power in a coup d'état in the country, thereby ending the French Revolution
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National Assembly
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Directory

Clergy and nobility join the National Assembly

Law establishing France's division into Departments comes into effect

Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle composes the future Marseillaise
On the night of April 25 to 26, Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle writes and composes the war song for the French Rhine Army Chant de guerre pour l’armée du Rhin, which later becomes the national anthem, the Marseillaise. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Joseph_Rouget_de_Lisle

First execution with the Guillotine
The thief Nicolas Jacques Pelletier is executed. The execution is carried out by executioner Charles Henri Sanson on the Place de Grève in Paris.

Marie Antoinette wife of Louis XVI
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The Committee of Public Safety receives unlimited powers

The Jacobins establish the Committee of General Security to maintain internal security

Revolutionary Tribunal (from which the modern judiciary emerges)
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Jacobin Dictatorship

Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety: Maximilien de Robespierre
[Biography of Maximilien de Robespierre](-44197)

Start of the desecration of royal tombs
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The Louvre becomes a museum

The leading Hébertists are arrested
The Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre arrests the leading Hébertists under Jacques-René Hébert, the radical arm of the Cordeliers, on the night before March 14. This marks the first peak of the terror decreed the previous year during the French Revolution.

Jacques-René Hébert and his followers
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Georges Danton and his followers
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Élisabeth Philippe Marie Hélène de Bourbon youngest sister of Louis XVI
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Robespierre and his followers
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Uprising of 1 Prairial

François Noël Babeuf and Augustin Alexandre Darthé
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Assignat (paper money during the French Revolution)

Louis XVI issues a decree to regulate the modalities for the election of deputies to the Estates-General according to estate order
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The representatives of the Third Estate declare themselves the National Assembly

August Decrees: Abolition of privileges of nobility, clergy, cities, and provinces
Abolition of privileges of nobility, clergy, cities, and provinces by the National Assembly. - Abolition of feudal lordship. - Abolition of serfdom. - Abolition of tax privileges of nobility and clergy. - Legal equality. - Free access to justice.

Nationalization of church property (secularization)

Abolition of the nobility

The Flight to Varennes
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The National Assembly reinstates the king
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France becomes a constitutional monarchy
The Constitution of September 3, 1791 is adopted by the National Assembly

The king takes the oath on the constitution and declares the revolution over
#King

French Jews are equated with other citizens by decree

Decree: Guillotine becomes the sole method of execution

War of the First Coalition
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Storming of the Tuileries by the Sans-culottes the king is suspended and imprisoned in the Temple
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The Prussian army marches into France

September Massacres Murder of numerous political opponents of the Sans-culottes
including approximately 1,400 clergy and papal loyalists

Law of the General Maximum Setting of food prices to prevent a supply crisis

Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety: Georges Danton
[Biography of Georges Danton](-184623)

Committee of Public Safety and National Convention commit to terror
Start of the Great Terror

Law of the Maximum Regulation of goods for daily necessities

Compulsory schooling and free education

Abolition of slavery in the colonies

The Tricolor becomes the national flag
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Enactment of the new terror law
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Thermidorian Reaction: Dismissal and indictment of Robespierre - End of the terror
[Biography of Maximilien de Robespierre](-44197)

The Convention decrees the separation of church and state. Start of the third phase of the Revolution

Abolition of the maximum laws

The Marseillaise becomes the national anthem
The Marseillaise, composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle on the night of April 25-26, 1792, becomes the national anthem.

Adoption of the Constitution of the Directory

Napoleon marries Joséphine de Beauharnais
[Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte](-517)

Coup d'État of 18 Brumaire VIII
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The French National Convention bans all royal academies for the promotion of the arts

The trial of "Citizen Louis Capet" (King Louis XVI) begins
before the National Convention #King

The National Convention unanimously accepts the request of the Rhenish-German National Convention to incorporate the Mainz Republic into the French state
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The Indulgents are arrested
The Revolution devours its own children: The Indulgents, the moderate wing of the Cordeliers led by Georges Jacques Danton, Camille Desmoulins, and Fabre d’Églantine, are arrested by the Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre for an alleged conspiracy.

France declares war on Austria

Formation of the National Guard

Revolutionary Calendar

Levée en masse (conscription)

King Louis XVI for the first time since 1614 opens the assembly of the Estates-General

Great Fear

Women's March to Versailles

King Louis XVI travels from Versailles to Paris to agree to the changes

Convening of the newly elected National Convention, abolition of the monarchy proclamation of the 1st French Republic

Champ de Mars Massacre

Assassination of Jean Paul Marat

The moderate members (Feuillants) leave the Jacobin Club

Cannonade of Valmy

Pierre Vergniaud "The Revolution, like Saturn, devours its own children."

Brunswick Manifesto

Charlotte Corday Murderer of Jean Paul Marat

Olympe de Gouges Women's rights activist

Danton becomes chairman in the National Convention

Law of Suspects
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