Napoleon Bonaparte
Rise and Fall
{"blocks":[{"key":"74m2u","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7c2qg","text":"Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b0qk0","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c66bf","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c7kqo","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"70drm","text":"Napoleon Bonaparte was not only a brilliant military strategist but also a skilled political tactician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bdl8o","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7v4t1","text":"Despite his impressive achievements, he remains a figure that evokes both admiration and controversy. His ambitions for power and expansive wars led to enormous human losses and caused entire regions of Europe to suffer under his rule.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"86mit","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":1}],"data":{}},{"key":"a2mv3","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"46g3h","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2nh8m","text":"His story is a fascinating journey through one of the most exciting epochs of European history, significantly contributing to the emergence and shaping of Germany.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3eges","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7ao3i","text":"The Early Years","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"15a6p","text":"Napoleone Buonaparte, as he was born, was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. The island had been under French rule since the previous year.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b1uud","text":"A month before his second birthday, he was baptized in a small cathedral in Ajaccio.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a00o2","text":"His family, belonging to the minor nobility, includes his parents Carlo Buonaparte (1746-1785) and Laetitia Ramolino (1750-1836), as well as twelve siblings. Among them are Joseph, Lucien, Élisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme. The remaining siblings die young.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5nbcf","text":"Father Carlo is the secretary to Pascal Paoli, a Corsican revolutionary and resistance fighter, with whom he fights for the independence of Corsica. However, Carlo quickly submits to French authority, but Paoli remains Napoleon's idol until the 1790s.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bt0br","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"695jt","text":"Entry into the Military","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1kvo","text":"Through his cooperation with the French, Father Carlo manages to obtain royal scholarships for Napoleon and Joseph. Joseph is prepared for the priesthood, while Napoleon is prepared for a military career. The two brothers leave Corsica and go to the Collège of Autun, mainly to learn French. Until then, they only speak Italian.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":250,"length":16,"key":2}],"data":{}},{"key":"3v488","text":"After that, the paths of the two brothers diverge, and Napoleon attends the cadet school of Brienne, where he is considered an outsider. In 1784, he is accepted as a student at the École royale militaire in Paris, the country's most prestigious military school.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":76,"length":23,"key":3},{"offset":181,"length":22,"key":4}],"data":{}},{"key":"bnl9t","text":"In 1785, when his father dies of stomach cancer, Napoleon assumes the role of head of the family and supports his mother financially. In the same year, at the age of 16, Napoleon is able to complete his education early due to his good performance and receives his officer's commission.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":25,"length":4,"key":5}],"data":{}},{"key":"1iqgh","text":"On January 1, 1786, he joins the La Fère Regiment in Valence as a Sous-lieutenant. In 1788, he is transferred to Auxonne near Dijon.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":66,"length":15,"key":6}],"data":{}},{"key":"2akmh","text":"To relieve his mother, he takes his eleven-year-old brother Louis with him and takes care of his upbringing.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":36,"length":29,"key":7}],"data":{}},{"key":"5rc86","text":"In his spare time, Napoleon reads a wide range of literary works, from ancient to contemporary authors, including Plato, Voltaire, Corneille, Lavater, and Goethe. He also studies military standard works and is interested in politics, seeing Jean-Jacques Rousseau as a role model and admiring a constitutional monarchy like Britain's.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6ogmd","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ch90l","text":"The French Revolution","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":21,"key":8}],"data":{}},{"key":"7siqp","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":9}],"data":{}},{"key":"1fq5o","text":"In 1789, the French Revolution breaks out, and Napoleon welcomes it, although he condemns the unrest and riots. He primarily sees the revolution as an opportunity to liberate Corsica. He takes a break from the army, engages in political activities with his brother Joseph, and attempts to gain political influence. In early 1791, he returns to France and is promoted to first Lieutenant, but by the end of 1791, he is back in Corsica. He is elected leader of the National Guard through election manipulation. In 1792, he leaves Corsica again after his troops are involved in bloody unrest. There, he is dismissed due to Corsican complaints and overstaying his leave from the army. To seek reinstatement, he travels to Paris, where he is promoted to captain due to a shortage of officers.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":195,"length":19,"key":10},{"offset":370,"length":16,"key":11},{"offset":660,"length":19,"key":12}],"data":{}},{"key":"fvp2u","text":"However, his Corsican ambitions do not let him go, and in October 1792, he returns to Corsica. There he participates in various skirmishes with his volunteer unit.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":83,"length":10,"key":13}],"data":{}},{"key":"bd2om","text":"Meanwhile, in Paris, King Louis XVI is executed on the guillotine.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":39,"length":8,"key":14}],"data":{}},{"key":"cs2ro","text":"When the National Convention, arising from the French Revolution, orders the arrest of Paoli, and Napoleon's brother Lucien boasts that his family is responsible, the Bonapartes must leave Corsica forever.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":183,"length":21,"key":15}],"data":{}},{"key":"1msj6","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"408l7","text":"The Rise to General","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"lf73","text":"Napoleon returns to his regiment in southern France. On September 16, he receives command of a French artillery unit with which he besieges the royal-loyal Toulon. The southern French city has become rebellious and opened its port to the British. He presents his plan to storm the city to the commanding general. It can be captured on December 19. Due to his merits, Napoleon is promoted to brigade general and receives command of the artillery of the Italian army in Nice. On July 27, 1794, a uprising against the reign of terror of the Jacobins occurs in France. Their leader Robespierre is executed under the guillotine the next day.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":82,"length":34,"key":16},{"offset":263,"length":17,"key":17},{"offset":316,"length":30,"key":18},{"offset":368,"length":13,"key":19},{"offset":494,"length":20,"key":20},{"offset":571,"length":18,"key":21}],"data":{}},{"key":"f7caj","text":"Due to his affiliation, Napoleon is arrested in August and suspended from service but soon released.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":36,"length":8,"key":22}],"data":{}},{"key":"26ubp","text":"In April 1795, he becomes engaged to Désirée Clary, who later becomes Queen of Sweden.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":18,"length":15,"key":23}],"data":{}},{"key":"fns7f","text":"In May, Napoleon travels to Paris to secure his faltering career. He tries to ingratiate himself with the new rulers, the so-called Thermidorians around Paul de Barras. In Paris, there is an uprising of the Royalists, and Barras is appointed commander-in-chief of the army of the interior. Without having any military experience himself, he brings Bonaparte to him. Bonaparte has the rebels shot down on October 5 and is thanked by being promoted to major general (Général de division) and shortly thereafter to commander-in-chief of the interior. In the environment of the new rulers, Napoleon meets the divorced former lover of the executed Alexandre de Beauharnais and falls in love with her - Joséphine de Beauharnais. Joséphine does not find Napoleon attractive, but she is aware of her dwindling beauty and expensive lifestyle.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":384,"length":29,"key":24},{"offset":509,"length":31,"key":25},{"offset":686,"length":27,"key":26}],"data":{}},{"key":"2gloa","text":"Bonaparte breaks off the relationship with Désirée Clary and marries Joséphine on March 9, 1796. She is the mother of two children, whom he adopts.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":61,"length":34,"key":27}],"data":{}},{"key":"7t9dq","text":"A week earlier, he had received the command of the Italian Army. Two days after his wedding, he departs for Nice to assume command.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":36,"length":27,"key":28}],"data":{}},{"key":"7pvoa","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"auonn","text":"Campaign in Italy","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"579vd","text":"We have been in the first coalition war since 1792. An alliance of Prussia, Austria, and smaller German states is trying to defend the monarchy.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":20,"length":30,"key":29}],"data":{}},{"key":"eso0f","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"do31g","text":"In Italy, Napoleon longs for his wife. However, she hesitates to travel to Italy. She appreciates the luxurious life back home in France and has a lover. Weeks pass before she decides to travel to Milan to join him.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3eal3","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5alff","text":"After driving the Austrians out of northern Italy, Napoleon continues to pursue them over the Alps. He is 100 km from Vienna on April 7, 1797.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":106,"length":35,"key":30}],"data":{}},{"key":"dql4m","text":"The Austrian Emperor requests a ceasefire. Napoleon dictates the peace without instructions from Paris.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":61,"length":9,"key":31}],"data":{}},{"key":"5mqre","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"br8br","text":"Now only one country is at war with France - Great Britain.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ff29s","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3lgp0","text":"Bonaparte's independent actions and increasing popularity foster distrust among the Directory. However, they can do little against the enthusiastic reception of the population on his return.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bhlt1","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5e1ti","text":"Expedition to Egypt","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c4gg9","text":"After his return from Italy, Napoleon fears that his fame might soon fade. He urges the Directory to give him a new military command.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bqvcs","text":"As an invasion of Great Britain is not feasible, the government agrees to an invasion of Egypt to disrupt British trade routes to India. A fleet with 38,000 soldiers and scientists sails to Egypt.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"230fn","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2nm2","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":32}],"data":{}},{"key":"3lnu6","text":"After occupying Malta, they land in Egypt and defeat a Mamluk army in the Battle of the Pyramids. They advance into Cairo.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":6,"length":15,"key":33},{"offset":70,"length":22,"key":34}],"data":{}},{"key":"anhko","text":"Shortly afterwards, the French ships are sunk by a British fleet. The French are cut off from sea supply. The soldiers are trapped.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":31,"length":33,"key":35}],"data":{}},{"key":"9lm6v","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"70bps","text":"Napoleon is seen as a foreign conqueror by the Egyptians and must suppress a uprising in Cairo.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":77,"length":17,"key":36}],"data":{}},{"key":"6dpf0","text":"When Egypt declares war on France, Napoleon marches to Palestine but cannot take the fortress in Akkon and must retreat with his troops, decimated by the bubonic plague, back to Egypt.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":55,"length":9,"key":37}],"data":{}},{"key":"3ehi9","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9ea1v","text":"Meanwhile, Napoleon's wife buys Malmaison Castle in France and frequently entertains her lover there. Napoleon learns of this and is devastated. He consoles himself with the wife of one of his officers, who has followed her husband in men's clothing.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"680st","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2bk6f","text":"With the help of the experts he brought along, Napoleon begins reforms and founds the Institut d’Égypte.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8dleo","text":"During the expedition, the Rosetta Stone is discovered, which will later lead to the deciphering of the hieroglyphs.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":27,"length":13,"key":38}],"data":{}},{"key":"3anhl","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7ohae","text":"Despite a victory in the Battle of Abukir, it becomes clear that the expedition's goals are no longer attainable. With the political crisis in France looming, Napoleon leaves Egypt and his troops and returns to France.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":168,"length":12,"key":39}],"data":{}},{"key":"6aqoe","text":"There, he is celebrated as a national hero, as the five directors governing the country are disfavored due to high unemployment, corruption, and civil war-like conditions in some provinces.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d7vud","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"e790s","text":"Rise to Power","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9spav","text":"On October 16, 1799, Napoleon returns to Paris. He initially wants to divorce but forgives his unfaithful wife.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a4ok0","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a3onk","text":"France is engaged in the Second Coalition War with Russia, Austria, and England.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":25,"length":20,"key":40}],"data":{}},{"key":"d2c81","text":"The current French Directory has completely lost the trust of the people.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9sgnd","text":"Even the members of the Directory, Roger Ducos and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, are planning a coup.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"h8og","text":"Napoleon wants to play a decisive role in this power struggle, and on November 9, 1799, the coup occurs.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":92,"length":4,"key":41}],"data":{}},{"key":"1scn3","text":"Napoleon has both chambers of the parliament driven apart by his grenadiers.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7q0e0","text":"A rump parliament then approves the establishment of a consular constitution under the three consuls Bonaparte, Ducos, and Sieyès.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2r1s7","text":"The revolution is over. I am the revolution.","type":"blockquote","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fpetk","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d87ua","text":"As the First Consul, Napoleon sidelines his two co-consuls politically and replaces them with his followers.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fkub6","text":"De facto, the Corsican is now the sole ruler of France, and the revolution is over.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7qe7f","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cpmup","text":"The Consulate","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9nihl","text":"Bonaparte announces that the revolution has returned to its origins and is now over, which particularly reflects the desire of the bourgeois classes. They want to preserve the achievements of the revolution, such as the abolition of feudal privileges and equality before the law, but also protection from radical upheavals and unrest of the lower classes. Bonaparte restores order in some areas of unrest and implements reforms that, in part, endure beyond his rule.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9mmml","text":"Napoleon combats organized political opposition while simultaneously trying to integrate both former Jacobin supporters and Royalists into the new state.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7s57h","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"900p3","text":"In foreign policy, Napoleon initially aims to end the Second Coalition War victoriously after his peace offers to Great Britain and Austria were rejected.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dl777","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d4b8u","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":42}],"data":{}},{"key":"hh0b","text":"Like Hannibal, he crosses the Alps with his army and begins the second Italian campaign.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":64,"length":23,"key":43}],"data":{}},{"key":"69tak","text":"Austria, during Napoleon's stay in Egypt, has once again occupied northern Italy.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6ltuj","text":"In the Battle of Marengo, he achieves a crucial victory, although it is more thanks to another general who falls in the battle. Italy is back under French control.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":7,"length":17,"key":44}],"data":{}},{"key":"8hkna","text":"On March 27, 1802, the Second Coalition War ends with the Treaty of Amiens.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":58,"length":16,"key":45}],"data":{}},{"key":"7ahv8","text":"However, Napoleon does not conclude a trade agreement with the British, and the restrictions that applied during the war still apply.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"euiib","text":"The war remains limited in the first years. Great Britain primarily conducts a colonial and naval war, while Bonaparte blocks his sphere of influence for British goods and annexes Hanover. To prevent a French invasion, Britain seeks states on the European mainland willing to go to war against France. Napoleon abandons the plan to invade Great Britain when Britain forms the Third Coalition and Austria invades Bavaria, allied with Napoleon.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":376,"length":15,"key":46}],"data":{}},{"key":"99qv2","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b9cs7","text":"Domestically, Napoleon manages to reduce state debts. He centralizes administration and expands transport routes. By granting state contracts, he promotes the economy.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dbbmr","text":"The much-anticipated prosperity finally arrives in France, and people no longer suffer from hunger.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8e5lp","text":"The Concordat of 1801, which Napoleon concludes with the Vatican, strengthens his authority by recognizing the French Republic and the civil status of the Catholic Church.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":4,"length":17,"key":47}],"data":{}},{"key":"8k44n","text":"Thanks to his domestic and foreign successes, Bonaparte has himself appointed Consul for Life by the senate.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":78,"length":15,"key":48}],"data":{}},{"key":"6bs04","text":"Napoleon introduces a new education system in France and founds the Legion of Honor.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":22,"length":20,"key":49},{"offset":64,"length":15,"key":50}],"data":{}},{"key":"b137m","text":"In 1803, Bonaparte sells Louisiana (New France) to the USA, thus withdrawing France entirely from the North American continent.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":25,"length":22,"key":51}],"data":{}},{"key":"7css7","text":"In 1805, Napoleon will confirm the further application of the Code Noir, which will remain valid until the abolition of slavery in the French colonies in 1848.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8hnri","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"675k9","text":"Emperor","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"24ljm","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":52}],"data":{}},{"key":"bekt0","text":"The monarchy is established by the Constitution of the First French Empire, completed by the Senate on May 18, 1804, and will be confirmed by a popular vote in November.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":35,"length":39,"key":53}],"data":{}},{"key":"2v12r","text":"Three days after the constitution's completion, the Civil Code is published, which regulates French civil law.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":52,"length":10,"key":54}],"data":{}},{"key":"391m0","text":"Before its introduction, there were many diverse laws in France, with many special provisions and exceptions. Customary law applied in the north, while in the south, old Roman law was practiced.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"60ige","text":"On December 2, 1804, the Coronation Ceremony takes place in the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. Napoleon takes the crown from the Pope's hand and crowns himself before also crowning Joséphine.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":25,"length":19,"key":55}],"data":{}},{"key":"8co6j","text":"Napoleon sees himself as the Emperor of the French, not as an emperor by the grace of God.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a1fo2","text":"The coronation leads to further conflicts. Russia forms an alliance with Great Britain and Austria to push France back into the borders of 1792.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7no12","text":"Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden join the war on Bonaparte's side.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"eqg34","text":"On October 21, Admiral Nelson decisively defeats the French in the Battle of Trafalgar. The British Isles cannot be conquered. From then on, the Royal Navy dominates the seas. The admiral himself falls in the battle.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":67,"length":19,"key":56}],"data":{}},{"key":"37uf7","text":"But on the continent, things look different. Napoleon lures the Russians and Austrians into a trap. The Battle of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805, forces the Austrians into the Peace of Pressburg. The Electors of Bavaria and Württemberg are made kings in gratitude.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":104,"length":20,"key":57},{"offset":172,"length":16,"key":58}],"data":{}},{"key":"cu86e","text":"On July 16, 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine – a military alliance where the member states provide soldiers for Napoleon – is founded. The states also commit to leaving the Holy Roman Empire, which then also comes to an end. Emperor Francis II lays down the imperial crown and is now only Emperor of Austria.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":22,"length":26,"key":59}],"data":{}},{"key":"hleb","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c49gm","text":"War against Prussia","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6nel5","text":"Relations with the Prussians deteriorate. They enter into a secret alliance with Russia and Great Britain, the Fourth Coalition. On August 26, Prussia demands that Napoleon retreat behind the Rhine. He interprets this as a declaration of war and advances from Bamberg toward Berlin. The double battle of Jena and Auerstedt is won by Napoleon, and the Prussian troops disband almost completely in the following weeks.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":143,"length":15,"key":60},{"offset":301,"length":18,"key":61}],"data":{}},{"key":"5u871","text":"The ones who escaped to eastern Prussia are now supported by the Russians.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c4n2v","text":"On October 27, 1806, Napoleon's troops march into Berlin. From there, he declares the Continental Blockade against England. The troops remain in Berlin for a month before advancing toward Warsaw. Napoleon spends the winter in Warsaw where he meets Countess Maria Walewska. Maria becomes his lover.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":50,"length":6,"key":62},{"offset":82,"length":21,"key":63},{"offset":242,"length":17,"key":64}],"data":{}},{"key":"4st2v","text":"On February 8, the Battle of Eylau takes place, which ends without a clear result for the French and the Russians. In June, however, Napoleon manages to heavily defeat the Russian side at Friedland.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":19,"length":15,"key":65},{"offset":185,"length":8,"key":66}],"data":{}},{"key":"cns5g","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3clqk","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":67}],"data":{}},{"key":"95ftj","text":"This leads to the Treaty of Tilsit on July 7 between Russia, Prussia, and France.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":18,"length":16,"key":68}],"data":{}},{"key":"d9lbu","text":"Tsar Alexander meets Napoleon on a raft on the Memel.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7e0v5","text":"The Tsar's first words are:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dqorj","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fqjje","text":"I hate the English as much as you do.","type":"blockquote","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"92pmg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1h1to","text":"Thus, peace is achieved. For Russia, the peace terms are acceptable, but Prussia pays a high price. It loses about half of its territory, must make high payments, and is only allowed to maintain a limited army. In addition, it must join the Continental Blockade against the British.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"af06p","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"abpf7","text":"Height of Power","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6nvve","text":"Almost all of Europe is now under the control of the 37-year-old, directly or indirectly.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4nb5f","text":"On August 16, 1807, Napoleon's brother Jérôme becomes King of Westphalia, which before the Treaty of Tilsit belonged to Prussia.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":39,"length":33,"key":69}],"data":{}},{"key":"e7c71","text":"Portugal does not participate in the Continental Blockade. In the Secret Treaty of Fontainebleau, Spain and France agree on the conquest and division of Portugal.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":66,"length":30,"key":70}],"data":{}},{"key":"ahne9","text":"Napoleon uses the transit rights regulated in the treaty to send far more troops than agreed through Spain.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2lvkp","text":"In November, Napoleon then comes to Spain himself and takes command.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":54,"length":13,"key":71}],"data":{}},{"key":"4fo1n","text":"However, it turns into a guerrilla war, and Napoleon leaves Spain at the beginning of 1809.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4d3j4","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"65tdu","text":"But the Fifth Coalition is already approaching. Austria, partially financed by the British, marches into Bavaria.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":8,"length":15,"key":72}],"data":{}},{"key":"2h89a","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4n7co","text":"Napoleon wins various battles between Ingolstadt and Regensburg, before advancing toward Vienna. However, he can be stopped. In the battle of Aspern-Essling, Bonaparte suffers his first major defeat.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":53,"length":10,"key":73},{"offset":139,"length":13,"key":74}],"data":{}},{"key":"2n1uu","text":"A few weeks later, however, he is ultimately able to defeat the Austrians, leading to the Treaty of Schönbrunn in October. Austria must cede territories and also join the Continental Blockade against England.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":90,"length":20,"key":75}],"data":{}},{"key":"2et6s","text":"Countess Maria Walewska, who repeatedly follows her lover to the battlefield, earning her the nickname \"his Polish wife\" among the soldiers, becomes pregnant by Napoleon sometime during this period.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":149,"length":8,"key":76}],"data":{}},{"key":"86spj","text":"He has been married to Joséphine for thirteen years, who has not been able to provide him an heir. Now aware of his ability to father children, he divorces Joséphine and marries Marie-Louise of Austria, thereby also strengthening his alliance with the Habsburg monarchy.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":178,"length":23,"key":77}],"data":{}},{"key":"a5tha","text":"A year later, Napoleon II is born and immediately named King of Rome.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":14,"length":11,"key":78}],"data":{}},{"key":"354i","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1mgla","text":"Russian Campaign","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cr17s","text":"Russia is economically dependent on the export of wood, grain, and hemp and the import of British colonial and industrial goods. The Tsar no longer feels bound by his alliance from the Treaty of Tilsit and allows trade with British goods in Russia. At the same time, it imposes high tariffs on French luxury goods.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d3abm","text":"Napoleon prepares for war against Russia.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"69glm","text":"The Confederation of the Rhine, Austria, and Prussia must expand their troops. For the invasion of Russia, nearly half a million soldiers are available. The largest army up to that point.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":87,"length":18,"key":79}],"data":{}},{"key":"39tt1","text":"However, Napoleon cannot achieve quick decisions. The Russians keep retreating and destroying everything useful to the enemy along the way.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b931r","text":"The army can no longer sustain itself from the produce of the land. Poor weather conditions, lack of logistics, and typhus reduce the troop to 160,000 men by the time they reach Smolensk on August 17, where the first major engagement takes place.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":178,"length":8,"key":80}],"data":{}},{"key":"4nti9","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":81}],"data":{}},{"key":"e4muk","text":"Napoleon can still win the ensuing battles, but at Borodino, he faces the most costly confrontation of the Napoleonic wars. 45,000 dead on the Russian side and 28,000 on the French side.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":51,"length":8,"key":82}],"data":{}},{"key":"bul6k","text":"In September, Napoleon can capture Moscow without resistance, but the city is set on fire. The soldiers suffer from hunger, disease, and cold, and the Tsar of Russia refuses to negotiate.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":35,"length":6,"key":83}],"data":{}},{"key":"a73j7","text":"On October 18, Napoleon orders a retreat.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":33,"length":7,"key":84}],"data":{}},{"key":"7bjt8","text":"Napoleon had already left them on December 4 and begun his return to Paris after hearing rumors of a coup.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":59,"length":15,"key":85}],"data":{}},{"key":"9ng2h","text":"While traveling, he says:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3d1vr","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"19fu7","text":"From the sublime to the ridiculous is only a step.","type":"blockquote","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"at0j6","text":"The Turning Point","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"46h8j","text":"The defeat in Russia triggers a national movement in Germany.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7el2v","text":"Napoleon assembles a new army with 350,000 soldiers and leads it to Germany.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":35,"length":16,"key":86}],"data":{}},{"key":"6s3u6","text":"Austria, where Napoleon's father-in-law rules, hesitates.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fe3l6","text":"It attempts to mediate and create peace in Europe.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"eci6u","text":"In the end, Napoleon reportedly says:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cbvf3","text":"It may cost me the throne, but I will bury the world in its ruins.","type":"blockquote","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"e1upn","text":"To which Metternich responds:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a9bro","text":"You are lost, sire. I suspected it when I came here; now I know it.","type":"blockquote","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bjacd","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"728j7","text":"Napoleon's opponents manage to bring Austria to their side.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c2rbt","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":87}],"data":{}},{"key":"31nqp","text":"Large parts of Europe that are not under Napoleon's control now stand against him.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dhdbp","text":"The allies meet on July 12, 1813, at a conference at the Prussian Castle Trachenberg and forge the Trachenberg Plan.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":99,"length":16,"key":88}],"data":{}},{"key":"6jqpk","text":"The plan foresees splitting the army into three parts, initially avoiding Napoleon's main army and first attacking the smaller contingents.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5ahub","text":"The conflict reached its peak at the Battle of Leipzig.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":37,"length":17,"key":89}],"data":{}},{"key":"8mpq5","text":"With up to 600,000 participants from over a dozen countries, this battle was arguably the largest in world history until the early 20th century.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3f1m3","text":"It is estimated that there were between 90,000 to 120,000 dead.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dispm","text":"Despite heavy losses, Napoleon can still win some battles during the retreat through his military skill, but he must retreat over the Rhine into France.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"75qnt","text":"The French are also forced to retreat at the Spanish front. 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On April 7, Louis XVII is proclaimed King of France.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":11,"length":11,"key":92},{"offset":43,"length":26,"key":93}],"data":{}},{"key":"90qsm","text":"Napoleon signs the unconditional abdication on April 12 and attempts suicide that same night, but fails.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":69,"length":7,"key":94}],"data":{}},{"key":"cna1t","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3p50o","text":"Elba","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"df2mp","text":"Napoleon is exiled to Elba. He retains his imperial title.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":22,"length":4,"key":95}],"data":{}},{"key":"ad9r","text":"On May 4, 1814, he reaches Elba. 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Troops meant to arrest him defect. 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Napoleon Bonaparte
Carlo Buonaparte becomes deputy
Cadet school of Brienne
École royale militaire in Paris
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Carlo Bonaparte passes away
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Napoleon begins service in the La Fère regiment in Valence
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Oath of loyalty to the nation
Napoleon witnesses the storming of the Tuileries Palace
Command over Corsican volunteer troops
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Break with Pasquale Paoli, Napoleon leaves Corsica
Royalist Toulon expels Republicans
Command over artillery unit at Toulon
British evacuate Toulon, set ships on fire
French recapture Toulon
Brigadier general
arrested
Engagement to Désirée Clary
Protection of the National Convention from royalist uprising
National Convention expresses gratitude to Napoleon
Napoleon meets Joséphine de Beauharnais
Commander-in-chief of the Italian army
married to Joséphine
Napoleon meets with the Italian army in Nice
Napoleon defeats the army of Sardinia-Piedmont
Armistice with the army of Sardinia-Piedmont
Napoleon's troops advance into Styria
Preliminaries of Leoben end successfully for Napoleon
Napoleon dictates the Treaty of Campo Formio
Commander-in-chief of the Army of the Orient
Napoleon sets off for Egypt
French fleet takes Malta without resistance
Arrival of the French in Alexandria, Egypt
Capture of Cairo
Defeat of the French fleet at Abukir against Lord Nelson
Ottoman Empire declares war on France
Uprising against the French in Cairo
Napoleon starts campaign in Palestine
Capture of Jaffa
French besiege Acre
Napoleon faces defeat at Acre
Discovery of the Rosetta Stone
Napoleon decides to return to France
Coup of 18th Brumaire Napoleon becomes First Consul
Proclamation of the new consulate constitution
Establishment of the court
Founding of the Bank of France
Creation of the office of prefect
Napoleon and Joséphine move into the Tuileries Palace
Beginning of a new Italian campaign against Austria
Further Austrian defeats lead to the end of the war.
Bomb attack on Napoleon's carriage in Paris
France and Austria make peace in Lunéville
Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope
French Egyptian army capitulates
Treaty of Amiens
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Introduction of a new school system in France.
Founding of the Legion of Honor by Napoleon
Reintroduction of slavery in the colonies
Consul for life
Replacement of Police Minister Fouché
Sale of Louisiana to the USA
Peace with Great Britain comes to an end again
Duke of Enghien is kidnapped and executed
Police Minister Fouché returns
Napoleon plans invasion of the British mainland
Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of France
Coronation of Napoleon as King of Italy.
Austrians invade Bavaria
Napoleon deceives Austrians, surrounds their forces
Franco-Spanish fleet defeated at Trafalgar
French enter Vienna.
Austria must make peace with France in Pressburg
French capture Naples
Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Naples.
Lucien Bonaparte becomes King of Holland.
Founding of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon
Prussia demands withdrawal of French troops
Advance of the Prussian army into the Rhineland
War between Prussia and France
Napoleon passes through Brandenburg Gate into Berlin
Continental blockade against England
French capture Warsaw
Meeting with Countess Maria Walewska
Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I
Prussia must cede territories in the Treaty of Tilsit
Creation of the Duchy of Warsaw
Jérôme Bonaparte becomes King of Westphalia.
March of Marshal Junot into Lisbon
French suppress uprising in Madrid
Abdication of Spanish King Carlos IV.
Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Spain.
Defeat of General Dupont at Bailén in Spain
Marshal Junot capitulates at Cintra
Napoleon takes command in Spain himself
Napoleon wins at La Coruña against the British
Austrians invade Bavaria again
Napoleon takes action against Austria and occupies Vienna.
Treaty of Schönbrunn
married to Marie-Louise
Fouché independently negotiates peace
Napoleon annexes the Netherlands
Napoleon Franz Bonaparte is born and appointed King of Rome
Duke of Wellington begins offensive in Spain
Ultimatum to Napoleon by Tsar Alexander I
Beginning campaign against Russia
Wellington's victory at Arapiles
Moscow
Battle of the Berezina
Napoleon leaves his defeated army.
Convention between Russia and Prussia in Tauroggen
Napoleon forms a new army of 350,000 men
Prussia declares war on France
Prussian army crosses the Rhine at Kaub
Marshal Murat defects to the Allies
Allied troops take Paris
French Senate deposes Napoleon
Napoleon abdicates at Château de Fontainebleau
Louis XVIII is proclaimed King of France
Suicide attempt fails
Joséphine de Beauharnais dies at Château Malmaison
Paris Peace Treaty is concluded
Napoleon lands on the mainland with about one thousand men
Troops sent to arrest Napoleon defect
Congress of Vienna: Final destruction of Napoleon decided
Napoleon marches with the Northern Army into Belgium.
Victory over Blücher's Prussian troops at Ligny
Battle of Waterloo Defeat for Napoleon
New Paris Peace Treaty
Hundred Days
First Coalition War
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Storming of the Bastille
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French Revolution
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Napoleonic Wars
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First Restoration
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Declaration of Independence USA
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Carlo Buonaparte goes to Versailles
Collège of Autun
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Second lieutenant
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First lieutenant
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Captain
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Appointment to Major
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Emperor of France
Emperor of France
Congress of Vienna
Second Coalition War
Fourth Coalition War
Third Coalition War
Fifth Coalition War
Sixth Coalition War
Summer Campaign of 1815
Revolutionary Wars
Confederation of the Rhine
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Montenotte
Millesimo (Cosseria)
Dego
Lodi
Borghetto
Lonato
Castiglione
Rovereto
Bassano
Bassano
Caldero (Caldiero)
Arcole
Rivoli
Rivoli
Mantua
Valvassone
Malta
Battle of the Pyramids
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El Arish
Jaffa
Acre
Mount Tabor
Abukir
Casteggio (Montebello)
Marengo
Ulm
Battle of Three Emperors at Austerlitz
Jena and Auerstedt
Czarnowo
Preußisch-Eylau
Heilsberg
Friedland
Somosierra
Abensberg
Landshut
Eckmühl
Regensburg
Aspern-Essling
Wagram
Smolensk
Schwardino
Borodino
Krasnoje
Lützen (Großgörschen)
Bautzen / Würschen
Reichenbach (Markersdorf)
Dresden
Teplice
Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
Eckartsberga
Hörselberg (Eisenach)
Hanau
Brienne
La Rothière
Champaubert
Montmirail
Chateau-Thierry
Vauchamps
Nangis
Montereau
Craonne
Laon
Arcis-sur-Aube
Fleurus
Ligny
Napoleon abdicates
Robespierre is beheaded
Baptism
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Town school of Ajaccio, instruction by an abbé
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Napoleon accepts 11-year-old brother Louis
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King Louis XVI flees to Varennes
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Joins the Jacobin Club
Discharged from the army
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Elected lieutenant colonel of the Corsican National Guard
Plan for the attack on Toulon
Thermidorian uprising
First publication of the Code Civil
Wars of Liberation
On behalf of Robespierre in Genoa
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Corsica
At sea
France
At sea
Corsica
At sea
France
At sea
Corsica
At sea
France
At sea
Corsica Participation in revolutionary activities Attempt to win favor with Pasquale Paoli
At sea
France
At sea
Corsica
At sea
France
At sea
Corsica
Sardinia (St. Stefano)
Corsica
At sea
Corsica
At sea
Corsica
At sea
France
Italy
France
Italy
France
Italy
France
Italy
France
Italy
Slovenia
Italy
Austria
Slovenia
Italy
Switzerland
Italy
France
Switzerland
Germany
France
Belgium
France
At sea
Malta
At sea
Egypt
Israel / Palestinian territories
Egypt
At sea
Corsica
At sea
France
Switzerland
Italy
France
Belgium
Netherlands
Belgium
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Belgium
France
Belgium
Germany
Netherlands
Germany
Luxembourg
France
Italy
France
Germany
Austria
Czech Republic
Austria
Germany
Austria
Germany
France
Germany
Poland
Russia
Poland
Russia
Poland
Germany
France
Italy
France
Germany
France
Spain
France
Germany
Austria
Czech Republic
Austria
Slovakia
Austria
Czech Republic
Austria
Germany
France
Belgium
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Belgium
Netherlands
Belgium
Netherlands
Germany
France
Germany
Poland
Russia
Lithuania
Belarus
Russia
Belarus
Lithuania
Poland
Germany
France
Germany
Poland
Germany
Czech Republic
Germany
Poland
Germany
Czech Republic
Germany
France
At sea
Elba
At sea
Italy
At sea
France
Belgium
France
At sea
France
At sea
France
At sea
St. Helena
Capture of an island near Sardinia fails
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During the siege of Toulon (Artillery)
Command over the Army of Italy
Napoleon writes a novel
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Commander-in-chief of the Army of the Interior
Major General (Général de division)
Decree for the abolition of slavery in all colonies
Constitution of the First French Empire completed
Great Britain, Austria and Russia sign coalition contract
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (illegitimate son)
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Battle of Vyazma
Peace Congress of Prague
Napoleon meets Metternich
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Second meeting with Metternich
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Armistice of Pläswitz
Trachenberg Plan
Battle of Paris
Second Restoration
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Louis XVIII flees from Paris
Reinstatement of Louis XVIII
King Louis XVI is executed
Joséphine buys Malmaison
Napoleon orders the retreat
Napoleon dies of stomach cancer