The Ancient Greece
Origin of Democracy
{"blocks":[{"key":"3h0eg","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2335j","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"d8ps3","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4m4gd","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":1}],"data":{}},{"key":"51srr","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9jvee","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":2}],"data":{}},{"key":"p3g4","text":"The World of City-States: The Polis as the Center of Life","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a8sh4","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bjvr8","text":"In Greece, the polis were more than just cities. They were independent communities with their own laws, religions, and political structures. Each polis had an agora (marketplace), where political and economic life took place, and an acropolis (upper city), where temples and protective structures were located. The citizens of the polis were primarily men with full political rights, while women, slaves, and non-Greeks had no rights in public life.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6klgd","text":"The most famous and influential city-state was Athens, renowned for its arts, philosophy, and political system—the democracy.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"eb1js","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"39ben","text":"The Beginnings of Democracy in Athens","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"15cq","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9khp6","text":"The development of democracy began in the 6th century BC in Athens. At that time, the wealthy nobles held power. They elected officials from among themselves, the so-called archons, who ruled for one year each. However, these archons often protected their own interests, and many citizens were indebted and had to transfer their voting rights to the nobles.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":173,"length":7,"key":3}],"data":{}},{"key":"d6rq7","text":"In 594 BC, unrest arose as the citizens of Athens were dissatisfied with this injustice. The noble Solon was elected as an archon and introduced significant reforms to resolve the tensions:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":99,"length":5,"key":4}],"data":{}},{"key":"d13jl","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"36i6d","text":"Solon wrote down some laws that were accessible to everyone. This allowed anyone to be informed about the prevailing rules.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dg0ge","text":"He introduced a new social order that divided citizens into four classes: large landowners, craftsmen and merchants, farmers, and day laborers. This classification determined which political offices one could hold.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dtudi","text":"Solon freed poor citizens from their debts so that they no longer had to transfer their voting rights to the wealthy.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bbc9d","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5836k","text":"Although Solon's reforms solved some problems, they were not sufficient. Since only wealthy citizens could still hold political offices, dissatisfaction remained. Eventually, after Solon, a tyrant took over power for a while.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6f79r","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5ipdo","text":"The Reforms of Cleisthenes and the Birth of Athenian Democracy","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"65f0b","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bmugn","text":"In 508 BC, the statesman Cleisthenes came to power and introduced profound reforms that are considered the foundation of Athenian democracy. He divided the population of Athens into ten new districts and established a people's assembly (Ekklesia), where all male citizens had equal voting rights. This people's assembly became the most important decision-making body. Citizens could vote on war and peace, elect officials, and pass laws here. Cleisthenes also ensured the introduction of the ostracism, where through a vote, unpopular or too powerful politicians could be banished from Athens.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":25,"length":11,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":25,"length":11,"key":5},{"offset":492,"length":9,"key":6}],"data":{}},{"key":"16i3m","text":"The Athenian democracy was the first of its kind and allowed citizens to participate directly in political life. Slaves, immigrants, and women were still excluded from political affairs. Nevertheless, democracy was revolutionary for its time and became a model for the Western world.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":4,"length":18,"key":7}],"data":{}},{"key":"f5g4n","text":"The democracy in Athens, however, did not last forever. In 338 BC, the Macedonian King Philip II captured Athens and incorporated it into his empire. This marked the end of democracy in Athens, but its ideas lived on and continued to influence later societies significantly.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":67,"length":29,"key":8}],"data":{}},{"key":"64h7r","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"88dh2","text":"Everyday Life and Society in Ancient Greece","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"15v0e","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"67c29","text":"Apart from politics, everyday life in ancient Greece is a fascinating topic. The society was heavily influenced by religion, agriculture, and trade. Most Greeks lived as farmers and cultivated olives, wine, and grain. Major cities like Athens were trade centers and maintained connections with cities around the Mediterranean.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"kocd","text":"The education of children depended heavily on the city-state in which they lived. In Sparta, for example, the focus was on military training and discipline. Boys were sent to military camps for rigorous training as early as the age of seven. In Athens, however, education and culture were very important. Boys learned reading, writing, and mathematics and received instruction in rhetoric and music so that they could later participate as free citizens in political discussions.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7qln6","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"21g5l","text":"The World of the Gods","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c99g3","text":"The Greek religion was polytheistic, meaning the Greeks worshipped many gods and goddesses. This world of gods shaped the lives of people in all areas—from politics to everyday culture. The gods were considered immortal and possessed supernatural powers, yet at the same time, they displayed very human traits like jealousy, love, and anger. The Greeks imagined the gods as beings who lived on Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece, and from there directed the fate of the world.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"92pld","text":"The Greeks held festivals and games in honor of the gods, such as the Olympic Games, first held in 776 BC in Olympia in honor of Zeus.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7ncsu","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"38gap","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":9}],"data":{}},{"key":"bq1nc","text":"At the top of the Greek world of gods stood Zeus, the most powerful of the gods and ruler of the sky. With his lightning bolt, he was the protector of humans and defender of justice. However, Zeus was also known for his numerous love affairs, which often incited jealousy and desires for revenge in his wife Hera.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"567al","text":"Hera, the goddess of marriage and family, was the sister and wife of Zeus. She was considered the patroness of women and was particularly revered for her fidelity and concern for the family, but was also known for her strict and vengeful nature.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a2vr7","text":"Athena, the goddess of wisdom and warfare, was especially revered in the city of Athens, which was named after her. She was a powerful warrior who always stood for justice and strategy. Athena was also considered the patroness of crafts and knowledge.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f5foe","text":"Apollo, the god of light, arts, and prophecy, was one of the most versatile figures among the gods. He played the lyre and was known as the protector of the arts and music. In his temple at Delphi, the oracle priestesses acted, giving prophecies about the future that were sought by all of Greece.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dhcff","text":"Artemis, Apollo's twin sister, was the goddess of the hunt and the moon. She was often associated with nature and wild animals and was considered the protector of women and children.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8puli","text":"Ares, the god of war, represented the bloody and wild side of war. He was the son of Zeus and Hera and was often described as aggressive and quarrelsome. While Ares was not particularly revered by most Greeks, he was highly esteemed in Sparta, which specialized in warfare.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6j4ea","text":"Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty and love, symbolized passion and attraction. She was known for seducing both gods and humans into love affairs and played an important role in many Greek myths. Legend has it that Aphrodite was born from the foam of the sea.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d2388","text":"Hades, the god of the underworld, was the ruler of the realm of the dead. He was often described as gloomy and fearsome but was fair and just in his rule over the deceased. His realm was separated from the world of the living by the River Styx, and only a few could ever leave it.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bo9qb","text":"Poseidon, the god of the sea and brother of Zeus, controlled the waters and was responsible for causing earthquakes and storms. The Greeks saw Poseidon as a powerful but often unpredictable god who could bring both protection and destruction. Sailors and fishermen particularly revered him.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6lf8s","text":"Hestia, the goddess of the hearth and family, was considered a peaceful and friendly goddess. She played a central role in the domestic life of the Greeks, as she protected the hearth and thereby the family's well-being.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f1kg2","text":"The Greeks worshipped their gods with festivals, rituals, and offerings. The Olympic Games in Olympia, first held in 776 BC in honor of Zeus, are one of the most famous festivals and were celebrated with athletic competitions. Oracle sites like that of Delphi were considered sacred places where priests and priestesses gave prophecies on behalf of the gods. These prophecies influenced political decisions and personal destinies across Greece.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":117,"length":6,"key":10}],"data":{}},{"key":"bdus","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ds6em","text":"The Importance of Myths and Legends","type":"header-four","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"9pgv7","text":"Myths about the adventures of gods and heroes played a central role in the everyday life and self-understanding of the Greeks. They explained natural phenomena, provided guidance to people, and conveyed moral values. The gods were seen as role models and at the same time as a warning to control their own weaknesses. The Greeks also used these stories to convey wisdom and moral teachings. Figures like Prometheus, who brought fire to humanity, or the brave Heracles, who performed great adventures and heroic deeds, were seen as symbols of courage, cunning, and overcoming difficulties.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"768bv","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ir39","text":"The Athenian Acropolis","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cdnl4","text":"The Athenian Acropolis, a hill in the middle of the city, was the religious and cultural center of Athens. Here stood magnificent temples dedicated to the goddess Athena, the protector of the city. The most famous structure is the Parthenon, a temple considered a masterpiece of ancient architecture, embodying the harmony and order of the classical style. The Acropolis served not only as a place of worship but also symbolized the power and wealth of Athens.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7kcij","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"da6bb","text":"Art Styles in Ancient Greece","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8arnm","text":"Greek art developed in several phases, each with its own styles.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bv4ts","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"alq87","text":"Archaic Style (circa 800–500 BC): The earliest sculptures were usually stiff, stylized representations that depicted people in idealized form. The so-called Kouroi (nude youth statues) and Korai (clothed maiden statues) are examples of this style.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":13,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":13,"key":11}],"data":{}},{"key":"776u","text":"Classical Style (circa 500–330 BC): In this phase, more realistic and harmonious representations of the human body emerged. Examples include the statues of the Discobolus (discus thrower) by Myron and the works of the sculptor Phidias, who also created the famous statue of Athena on the Athenian Acropolis.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":15,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":15,"key":12}],"data":{}},{"key":"7tmtj","text":"Hellenistic Style (circa 330–30 BC): In the period after Alexander the Great, art became even more expressive and dynamic. Scenes full of emotion and movement were increasingly depicted, as seen in the statue of Laocoön and his sons, showing the battle against snakes.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":17,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":17,"key":13}],"data":{}},{"key":"a9974","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bnfd6","text":"Significant Figures of Ancient Greece","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f63bj","text":"Ancient Greece brought forth numerous outstanding poets, thinkers, and statesmen who are still regarded as role models in philosophy, politics, and science today.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b74j3","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8lk8l","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":14}],"data":{}},{"key":"794t6","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"77ofh","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"d43dr","text":"Thales of Miletus (circa 624–546 BC): Thales is considered one of the first philosophers. He believed that water is the primary substance of all things and is regarded as the founder of natural philosophy.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":17,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":17,"key":15}],"data":{}},{"key":"3k9ic","text":"Pythagoras (circa 570–495 BC): Famous for the Pythagorean theorem, he laid the foundations for mathematics and believed that numbers determine the essence of the world.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"key":16}],"data":{}},{"key":"2lro7","text":"Heraclitus (circa 520–460 BC): Heraclitus taught that everything is in a state of constant flux, which he expressed with the famous phrase \"Everything flows.\"","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"key":17}],"data":{}},{"key":"3165o","text":"Socrates (469–399 BC): The famous philosopher who developed the method of dialogical questioning to reach the truth. His goal was the pursuit of wisdom and ethical action.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":8,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":8,"key":18}],"data":{}},{"key":"19p56","text":"Plato (427–347 BC): A student of Socrates and founder of the Academy in Athens. In his works like \"The Republic,\" he develops the idea of an ideal state ruled by philosophers.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":5,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":5,"key":19}],"data":{}},{"key":"7inpe","text":"Aristotle (384–322 BC): Pupil of Plato and tutor of Alexander the Great. He authored extensive works on natural science, ethics, and politics. His ideas influenced European thought for centuries.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":9,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":9,"key":20}],"data":{}},{"key":"ehghn","text":"Alexander the Great (356–323 BC): The Macedonian king led his armies to India and conquered a vast empire. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and science throughout the Mediterranean and beyond.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":19,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":19,"key":21}],"data":{}},{"key":"667ct","text":"Archimedes of Syracuse (circa 287–212 BC): Archimedes was a brilliant mathematician and physicist. His inventions include the pulley and the screw for raising water.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":22,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":22,"key":22}],"data":{}},{"key":"537mn","text":"Hippocrates (circa 460–370 BC): As the father of medicine, Hippocrates laid the foundation for scientific medicine and influenced the \"Hippocratic Oath.\"","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":11,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":11,"key":23}],"data":{}},{"key":"qbl6","text":"Euclid (circa 300 BC): Euclid was a mathematician who wrote the foundational work \"The Elements,\" where he systematically summarized the principles of geometry.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":6,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":6,"key":24}],"data":{}},{"key":"dojt0","text":"Eratosthenes (circa 276–194 BC): This scientist calculated the circumference of the Earth with remarkable accuracy and developed the system of geographic latitude and longitude.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":12,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":12,"key":25}],"data":{}},{"key":"d3cns","text":"Aristarchus of Samos (circa 310–230 BC): He posited the theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun, laying the groundwork for the heliocentric worldview.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":20,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":20,"key":26}],"data":{}},{"key":"22jfs","text":"Herophilos (circa 335–280 BC): He was one of the first physicians to systematically study the human body and made significant discoveries in anatomy.","type":"unordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"key":27}],"data":{}},{"key":"ea68b","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fuufl","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2u6kd","text":"The Significance of Ancient Greece for Today","type":"header-three","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"31tsf","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2l2i7","text":"The ideas and achievements of ancient Greece have profoundly influenced European culture, science, and philosophy. Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid important foundations in ethics, politics, and logic, which are still taught and studied today. Greece also left a lasting impression in architecture, literature, and the natural sciences.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"aa3cf","text":"Above all, the democracy of Athens remains a symbol of citizen participation in political life to this day. Although our current democracy is organized differently and includes all people regardless of gender or origin, fundamental concepts such as voting rights and participation are closely linked to the ideas of the Greeks.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"e0eac","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4d23n","text":"-","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":28}],"data":{}},{"key":"cdche","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"euplo","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"softmanufakturImageType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"type":"Image","src":"php/images/resourceimages/6ec/1_1731415795_akropolis.png.webp","title":""},"width":100,"height":0}},"1":{"type":"softmanufakturInfoBlockType","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"item":{"content":"{\"blocks\":[{\"key\":\"1lban\",\"text\":\"Ancient Greece, known for its philosophical, political, and cultural achievements, had a lasting impact on the history of Europe.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}},{\"key\":\"40unp\",\"text\":\"The ancient Greeks developed important ideas that remain significant to this day – especially in politics and philosophy.\",\"type\":\"unstyled\",\"depth\":0,\"inlineStyleRanges\":[],\"entityRanges\":[],\"data\":{}},{\"key\":\"2tn8h\",\"text\":\"Unlike the great kingdoms of Egypt or Persia, no unified empire formed in Greece. 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Mycenaean "palace culture"
Beginning of the Olympic list
Great colonization
Start of the Athenian archons list
Legislation of Drakon in Athens
Tyrannies in many Greek city-states (Result of a widespread crisis in the economic and social order)
Reforms and Archonship of Solon
Tyranny of Peisistratos and his sons in Athens
Foundation of the Peloponnesian League under the leadership of Sparta
Beginning of the rise of the Persian Empire of the Achaemenids under Cyrus II
Darius I (Reorganization of the Achaemenid Empire)
Reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens
Ionian revolt
Battle of Marathon
Battle of Salamis
Battle of Mycale
Delian League
Reforms of Ephialtes in Athens Termination of the Spartan-Athenian alliance
Transfer of the Treasury of the League from Delos to Athens
Peace of Callias between Athens and Persia
Peloponnesian War
Peace of Nicias
Expedition of Athens to Sicily Catastrophe of Syracuse
Treaty of Sparta with Persia against Athens
Naval victory of Sparta at Aegospotami
Capitulation of Athens
Archimedes of Syracuse
Rule of the Thirty
War between Sparta and Persia in Asia Minor
Socrates
Theban Hegemony
King's Peace/ Peace of Antalcidas
Foundation of the 2nd Athenian League
Defeat of Sparta at Leuctra/Boeotia against Thebes Peace between Athens and Sparta
Victory of Thebes at Mantinea/Peloponnesus. End of the Theban hegemony.
Epaminondas
Philip II of Macedonia
Victory of Philip II over the Greeks at Chaeronea/Boeotia
Foundation of the Corinthian League between Philip II and the majority of the Greek poleis
Accession to power of Alexander III the Great
Start of Alexander's campaign. Battle of the Granicus/North Asia Minor
Alexander the Great
Victory of Alexander at the Battle of Issus (333)
Battle of Ipsus. First consolidation of the Diadochi kingdom on the territory of Alexander's empire
Victory of Alexander at Gaugamela/Mesopotamia
Advance of Alexander to the Indus. Conquest of northern Iran
Campaign in the Punjab
Successors of Alexander (Diadochi) assume the royal title
Foundation of Alexandria
Battle of Kurupedion. Definitive consolidation of the Diadochi kingdoms
Homer? Epics: Iliad, Odyssey
Archaic Age
Dark Ages
Classical Period
Hellenism
Eratosthenes
Euclid
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Plato
Hippocrates
Pythagoras
Aristotle
Diogenes of Sinope
Heraclitus
Thales
Establishment of the polis as a form of government
Herodotus
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Aesop
Propylaea
Erechtheion
Temple of Athena Nike
Construction of the Colossus of Rhodes
The Colossus of Rhodes collapses
Early Mycenaean (Mycenaean I)
Middle Mycenaean (Mycenaean II)
Late Mycenaean (Mycenaean III)
Protogeometric style
Early Geometric style
Middle Geometric style
Late Geometric style
Early Archaic style
High Archaic style
Late Archaic style
Severe style
Rich style
High Classicism
Late Classicism
Early Hellenism
High Hellenism
Late Hellenism
Ionian colonization
Thucydides
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Beginning of ancient philosophy
Peisistratos
Solon
Battle of Plataea
Lamian War
Incorporation of the remaining parts of Greece into the Roman Empire
Battle of Pydna
Athenian democracy
Themistocles
Kleisthenes of Athens
Ostracism
Erasistratus
Pi, center of gravity, law of the lever, hydraulic machines, slings
Aristarchus of Samos
Ratio of distance between Sun and Moon, theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun
Calculation of the Earth's circumference, degree division on maps
Mathematics book "The Elements"
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Herophilos
Brain as the central organ of perception and understanding
Distinction between tendons and nerves
Pericles
Incursion of Indo-European tribes from the north
Age of Pericles